4 minutes past 12:00 the weather forecast for the state of Minnesota sunny skies today with eyes 50s in the Northeast in your 80° in the southwest tonight partly cloudy skies in the East but showers and thundershowers will move into Western Minnesota with lowest tonight mid-thirties in the northeast of the low fifties in the southwest then tomorrow good chance for showers all across the state may be some thunder showers as well with highest tomorrow upper 40s do the mid-sixties as for Sunday. Well a chance of rain as well on Sunday with the highs 50s and 60s Sunny this afternoon with a high temperature in the middle seventies.And good afternoon and welcome back to mid-day on Minnesota Public Radio. I'm Gary. I'm glad you could join us. Now. There's so much bad news. We sometimes lose sight of the good news. Today. We're going to focus on one of those good news stories 10 years ago. It looked like the apartheid system in South Africa would last forever or at least until the ruling white government was overthrown by force. But here we are 10 years later full scale violence has been avoided the apartheid system has been replaced and the ones that legal African National Congress Now controls the South African government. They were going to hear from FW to cleric on how that dramatic change came about after the cleric was the last South African president elected under the apartheid system, but rather than fight to preserve apartheid. He lifted the ban on the ANC and instituted constitutional reforms that led to the first multi-racial elections in South African history in 1993 FW de klerkNancy lieder Nelson Mandela share the Nobel Peace Prize speech Mandela went on to be elected president of South Africa declare for his part is now retired from active politics, but he continues to lecture around the world on South Africa's dramatic change and what lessons can be learned from that transition recently. He brought his message to the University of st. Thomas and st. Paul where he was introduced to buy a student to like the cleric was an eyewitness to history. I actually remember it quite clearlyIt was a Friday and like most of the days in Johannesburg. It was hot. I'm like most white 15 year old school boys. I spent the day at school going to classes hang out with my friends and even getting in a game of rugby in the afternoon. It is only when I was heading home with my father that I noticed that something was very different. It seemed that every single newspaper stand went by was completely sold out. I arrived home sick on the television set only to hear the news cast for Kosta Boda declare that the season of violence is over. I am of course referring to the 2nd of February 1990 and the former president of South Africa and leader of the of the then ruling National Party made his water Watershed speech at the opening of parliament. One of the most important speeches ever made in the history of South Africa. It was on this day that the South African Communist Party the African National Congress and various other band organizations with fat finally unbanned and do the first day in over 26 years, but missed a Nelson Mandela could start having realistic thoughts of obtaining freedom. 11 the playing fields were about to be levelled and the process of normalizing the political face of South Africa was about to begin. For me it meant a time change a time of optimistic cautious kind of hope for the future. Good evening, ladies and gentlemen and welcome to tonight's presentation. My name is Elton castee Hassle and I'm a student here at the University of St. Thomas at South African born and raised. The honor has been bestowed upon me tonight to introduce to you one of the most important and one of the most extraordinary political leaders of all time munir Frederick volume the clock. Mr. Klack like me was born in Johannesburg the largest city of South Africa and its Financial capital. Having climbed the ranks of the ruling National Party Mr. Clack became president of South Africa in 1989. What are significant during World of entropy look back the fall of the Berlin Wall the collapse of the Iron Curtain and geez, I made it through 8th grade. By 1993 my school years were finally coming to an end at the same time. Most of the crack was on the verge of negotiating himself out of power a power that was democratically assumed by Mr. Mandela and his majority vote today and see in 1980 1994. Today Mystic Lake has retired from active politics and the fledgling democracy of South Africa, which he helped create maintains a fragile survival. My conversation with friends and family back home are dominated by horrendous crime rate stories with currently exists. Only 77 people are arrested for every 1000 offense has been committed in South Africa today only 22% of reported crime cases lead to prosecution the 61 per 100,000 people murdered in South Africa. Last year is 7 times higher than the US and 10 times higher than the world average. But that's perspective of this young white South African who's out of the 15000 miles away from home for a much broader and first-hand perspective. It is my extreme on a two presents YouTube lights, Nobel Peace Prize recipient Time magazine's Man of the Year for 1993 and a fellow South African. Mr. Frederick William the clock. Good evening. Ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for the very warm. Welcome. It was a particular pleasure to be welcomed in and introduced by a fellow South African and I still listening that and I was quite impressed with these inside and with the way in which he in a few sentences try to paint a picture of what happened to Haley in the past eight years of the highlights in the high points from his perspective as a young South Africa. It is true that 10 years ago. The whole world was waiting with bated breath. A final showdown final showdown between the Revolutionary forces led by the agency. They were backed by the Soviet Union and the South African government and the security forces on the other. Hardly, anybody believed that we could avoid racial cataclysm of terrifying proportions? Benny 1990 came the beginning of what many people subsequent be described as the South African Medical. On the second day of February 1998 was my privilege to make the announcement. Which do which has been referred in the welcoming words the release of Nelson Mandela and all other political Prisoners the unbanning of the ANC the Communist party and all other revolutionary organizations. I made a commitment to a negotiated solution which would ensure one-person-one-vote removal of all forms of racial discrimination from the statute book. What we had hoped would be the effect of protection of cultural minorities. A few years later in April 1994. All South Africans went to the polls peacefully and vote in terms of a fully Democratic new constitution with an admirable Bill of Rights part of it. for the parties of their choice That's what we have come to call the new South Africa was conceived and born. We have heard that the conflict that might have cost hundreds of thousands of lives. The transition was relatively peaceful. The catastrophe that everyone was expecting did not take place. The question is how did we do it? Was it some kind of Middle America? What are the lessons that can be learned from our experience that may be of use to other societies that are currently grappling with the divisions caused by racial cultural and religious differences. I believe that our experience does indeed have a universal dimension and might help other societies to transform themselves. I also believe that the lessons that we have learned in the management of all transformation process irrelevant to society such as those in Israel Norman Island, the former Yugoslavia Cypress Rwanda, Burundi and Sri Lanka They also relevant to successful countries with well-established constitutions and economies. I saw you this because our environment in developed and developing countries are like he's changing more rapidly than at any time in our history. The inescapable result of the Seas that the whole world faces the challenge of continuously transforming in order to adapt to the bewildering developments all the outside. In South Africa, we failed to accept this challenge for too long a Time. And all our peoples paid a heavy price. Why did we flew? And why do so many countries to this day fail to accept the challenge of change? Doncellas, I think in human nature. Resistance to change is deeply ingrained in human nature. We are comfortable with the methods and the practices that we understand and to which we have become accustomed. We often fear the unknown and raised the prospect of moving into uncharted waters. We are reluctant to acknowledge that we are on the wrong course and often prefer to stay here almost perversely thoughts disaster rather than to admit that we are mistaken this date in your own lives. They stood in your family life based it in your University life and you will find that they he's this England resistance to change in all of us. You know cuz in South Africa by the late 70s and early 80s, however, we began to see the Folly of resisting change. It was becoming increasingly apparent to me and to many other leading members of the ruling National party that we were on the wrong course, if we continued we were undoubtedly going to collide with the unforgiving rocks of History. We will be coming more and more isolated from the International Community with each year that passed. The great majority of black South Africans were increasingly adamant in their rejection of L policies and the solutions that we were offering them as a result. We had become involved in a downward spiral of resistance and repression that threatened at some stage. Do you wrap into full-scale comfrey? All of this was having a damaging effect on Audi, me and was threatening to shut down the engine of economic growth that was and remains our best all bringing all our people a better life. My colleagues and I spent a great deal of time identifying our problems and wrestling with the need for fundamental change. Open and often brutally Frank discussions. We examine the heart and unpalatable facts that confronted us. As Christians we also struggled with the question of what was right and what was wrong? Auto policy of apartheid which week old ship of the development that brought us to Historic did in of unacceptable racial discrimination and ethnic domination. By the mid-1980s. We were riding the increasingly angry tiger of black nationalism. For some time we've been trying to extricate ourselves from this situation believe me riding a tiger is as uncomfortable for the rider as it is unacceptable for the Tiger. The problem was how to Dismount without being eaten. We are very real concerns about relinquishing control. Firstly we were worried. Acceptance of simple. Majority rule would mean the extinction of the right of my own people. We often Connors and with them the other whites in South Africa. the right to the National self-determination for which we had struggled for centuries to establish and maintain Secondly, we were worried about the prospects of democracy and free institutions. If we just handed over to a simple majority government because until that time the decolonization of Africa had not brought freedom and democracy. What the succession of military Cruise Marxist economics ethnic conflict. people like Idi Amin and the light Dudley we were deeply concerned about the influence of the stalinist South African Communist Party within the black nationalist Alliance led by the agency. The reality was that the Communists held most of the key positions within the agency. They were strongly supported by the Soviet Union and its allies and that openly proclaimed the intention of setting up a Marxist state in South Africa. Finally, we were worried that if we Dismount the tiger the Pinta Pinterest Nick tensions in our society would explode into General racial conflict. boat ignition solution to this problem wants to Embark upon a classic policy of ethnic partition. In terms of which Elton black ethnic groups would move towards food Independence in their own States. This would make it possible. for all of them to a few political rights and it would make it possible for the whites to retain their right to self-determination in the areas of South Africa, which they regarded as their The alarm is just DV8 because not all of you know, the history of South Africa. You must know that unlike any other wide group in Africa my people the off Economist automation. They have their own language. The determination to rule themselves have been the central theme of the 350 year history in the subcontinent. They feel just as strongly about this a tight as these Riley. So the Irish or the bosnians of the subs or indeed as black South Africans. You. Let them to check into an unknown and often hostile Wilderness you 1936. It was the driving force behind the establishment of the two republics the transvaal and the orange free state 250 years ago. It was the force that twice motivated them to defend the Independence at the terrible past against the mightiest Imperial power of the time the British Empire. And also they defeated gave them the strength to build up their people once again to defend the develop their language and their culture and ultimately to re-establish an independent republic in 1961. But despite our best efforts to develop a viable territories for the 10 black Nations. within the borders of South Africa the policy of separate development simply didn't work. Primarily because the black territories were in many instances too small and too poor. Because the policy was rejected by the great majority of black South Africans. They said no. Thank you for the offer of giving us political rights this way, but we want it in one United South Africa. By the early eighties we have to face the reality that there was no way that this approach would lead to adjust lasting and acceptable solution for all our peoples. The demographic realities of the increasing integration of our economy. worked against it no amount of social engineering no 11 constitutional maneuvering no manipulation of the economy would alter the central fact that South Africa was more and more a single country with a single economy and a single constitutional destiny. our first challenge in the transformation process What's to acknowledge these realities failure to bring justice to all South Africans and to confront our natural fear of radical change? Alton Ellis of the situation latest to the inescapable conclusion that watch of Africa and the African nation would have to accept a future as part of an under-age brother South African nation. This however would mean the end of their only started right to exclusive National self-determination as a separate people in their own sovereign country. This was the decision we have to tie. Where to accept the necessity of giving up the ideal on which we had be nurtured and the dream for which so many generations of our forefathers had struggled and forward so many of our people had died. The first video the very first lesson to be learned from our experience is there for that? No Nation, no country can run away from its problems and realities of its time. These but one way to deal with conflicts and to deal with the demands of a changing world. Face the facts. However, painful they might be be brutally honest in your analysis. Don't love yourself. And then with all the facts after they've been properly analyzed on the table in front of you. Stop looking for honest and workable Solutions, which can bring justice to all your people. Having taken the extremely difficult decision to Dismount the Tiger. The question was how should we do it? How does one dismount? An angry tiger the answer is slowly and very very carefully. Deciding in your mind to Dismount is one thing. It's another thing to persuade your legs to move. That's because your legs have the uncomfortable feeling that they would be the first bits of you. That would be eat. to our next challenge in managing transformation after the leadership core of L party went through this. Of self-analysis of facing up to the fence was to convince our constituency to take them with us and to persuade them of the necessity of the likely success of the course of action that we are chosen. We have to convince the broader leadership of our party and threw them all supporters of the necessity for fundamental changes. Even more importantly we have to develop a vision which spheres and simultaneously Inspire them dogs worthwhile and morally justifiable new goals. this way dude by developing proposals which book protect the core interests of all all minorities would give do the overwhelming majority full political rights in a fully Democratic and a fully non-discriminatory system. Ultimately, Mostafa Congress and white South Africans accepted the necessity for fundamental Church. However, some of our people don't go please shut their eyes to the dangers ahead. They refused to give up the office on this quest for exclusive National self-determination in some non-existent Homeland and split in the National Party. the departure then of these ultraconservatives we found to our relief greatly facilitated the task of those of us who remain by It was no longer necessary to Mike unwieldy compromises to keep them on board. Another principal in transformation management is accordingly the encouragement of those who steadfastly opposed change to Raw the December. If necessary, you should help them on their way with a little push. That's what I have to do back in 1982 when I helped the reactionaries email party to leave the book. It is better to accept a smaller PowerBass than to allow affection in one spell base do block what must be done. Timing was also a key element in the success of the transformation of South Africa. As most of us who are married know it is foolish to be vociferously right at the wrong time. That can get you into much more trouble than being wrong. Your wife will generally forgive you for being wrong because that's what what she's used to. You have to be right at the right time. The same is true for leaders who are involved in the management of change. It will not help their course if they move so far ahead in the right direction that they follow us going to longer hear or see them. Easter egg hunt events move at their own pace. Sometimes painfully slowly at other times with speed. Adida intent on managing check the tides and currents and must position himself recording timing is crucially important. I was often criticized while I was a leading figure of the national party and before I became president for not reaching out ahead of the pack in the pursuit of before. That I done so I would probably have been alienated. From important constituencies within my parties. I might they not have become leader of the National Party in February 89. I would not have been able to initiate the transformation process in February 1990, and I certainly would not have been invited to speak to you tonight. Timing ladies and gentlemen involves having a weather eye open for changes in political tides and currents. When I became the leader of the National Party in February 89, it was clear that the prepara tree work which we have done all the think tanks which we held we call them both. But we took our leaders out into the bush away from the city away from telephones and there we struggled for fee for 5 days on end regularly. Do Annalise L problems? Bull that has paid dividends. There was a spirit also within our own pot that the time for change has arrived. You know election camping. We prepared the photos by coming up with with a Manifesto which asked for a mandate for for teaching church. We publicly announce that we have abandoned the policy of separate develop and that we have adopted a new vision a vision of one United South Africa with one person one vote with one citizenship. with all forms of racial discrimination to be removed but also with in the Bill of Rights with effective protection of certain basic minority cultural rights. and then and then came the fall of the Berlin Wall. And The Greatest Story events that occurred in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union the collapse of international communism created for us a window of opportunity to even more dynamically and to take even more risks because suddenly the ANC became no longer also an instrument in the hands of a world power with expansionist policies with he got real country. what's an organization of South Africans wanting food political rights, which we have already decided they must have We could afford because of that do jump through that window of opportunity and to make up a package. Which would be convincing which would convince the world and everybody that we really meant business. This process we learned. That it is important. If you manage to change how you communicate with your power base and without us. We live in a world of perceptions of reality. Will judge as much or more by our ability to deal with perceptions as our ability to deal with reality. You can do the most wonderful things in the world, but if people are not aware of it or if I do not understand why you say what you saying? Why you do what you do? You will not succeed in getting support for that. 15th of August 1985 my predecessor president PW with a for instance made an important speech in which you actually announced that we had abandoned Central pics of Al policy of separate development. However, the manner in which she communicated this message. was so bad that these speech at the opposite effect from the impact that he had intended instead of reassuring the International Community and South Africans about the future is caused an international and National collapse of confidence in our ability to achieve a peaceful solution to our problems. But the manner in which she communicated it was the wrong message delivered in the wrong manner to the wrong audience at the wrong time. What's the Vault impossible expectations have been created before the time about what he was likely to announce? One of the results was that in the month or so after his speech the value of a currency plummeted? It was estimated that the speech cost our country more than 10 billion drunk at the exchange rate of those days. That would have been the equivalent of about 3 billion dollars or almost a million dollars, but what of the speech That is the cost of a bad communication. It is not what you say. It's the way you say. When I lost already phone program, I was determined not to make the same mistakes. I realized that only a spectacular package would gain the attention of the International Community and offered evolutionary party's inside South Africa. We have to prove that we meant business. We have to bring across our real Integrity. We have to convince people that the announcements made was not just sort of participating in the political chess game in order to get the good press in order to get some sanctions lifted, but that what we had in mind was level the playing field to sit down around the table and to negotiate something which would be totally different from the Old South Africa a new Constitution, which would bring just the duel. That is what we did. I followed up this communication with a clear series of actions including the early release of Mr. Mandela and the opening of negotiations with the ANC all this prove that we were serious. I have embarked on a number of overseas visits to Europe through the United States and do Asia. To convince International leaders that we had indeed committed ourselves to an irreversible process of transformation. In this manner we succeeded in the enormously difficult task of changing International perceptions. I also knew that the FAA teaching steps that we're denounced would cause great concern too many of our fathers. However, I was sure that it was better to announce all these decisions at once rather than to do. So in a piecemeal fashion. There was pressure on me. You say no just announced the release of President Mandela now wait with the other announcements until later and I said, no we must announce everything together to ensure Maximum Impact to convince with One Sweep. everybody concert that we would not playing games if we did it. Every announcement would have been seen as giving into pressure. Nobody would have believed. That what they are dealing with is a real change of heart and initiative. from the South African government to bring about radical and dramatic change 180 degree. One of my colleagues used to explain this package that we put together by saying that if one has to cut off the tail of a dog, it is much better to do. So with one clean the size of stroke rather than by cutting the tale of piece by painful piece. So in the process of managing transformation communication is critically important. The transformation process necessarily involved in lengthy and arduous negotiations with all the leading political groupings in South Africa. Autoject of us to reach agreement on a future constitutional dispensation. That would not only be acceptable to the major role players, but also to the smaller parties which participated Naturally all the parties enter the negotiations with their own opening positions bottom-line demands inevitably in order to achieve final agreement. Is often difficult for us to explain these apparent deviations from L negotiating position to all followers and indeed the inevitability of making some quite substantial sacrifices in Penn Station. As a result our chief negotiators and unfairly criticized for failing to achieve everything that was on the old agenda. The same applies to the negotiators of the AMC and the other party's negotiation. We gained valuable experience during the negotiation process. We found that the following elements were necessary for the process to succeed. They must be genuine commitment to a negotiated Solution by all the main parties. The balance of forces must be such that nobody should think that it can successfully impose its will on others if you have that negotiation situation. With one of the main part is going in and wanting to walk out of there with a victory and leaving all the others Vanquish. You don't have a chunks of successfully negotiate they must be A feeling that the main parties will all have to sue a process of give-and-take. Make concessions so that all the parties can pick something home to their fathers and say we did not get all our priorities. But look at these important priorities, which we did get in the final agreement. So we must be satisfied also with the sacrifices that we buy We found that inclusivity is essential one of the major problems that we encountered were the boycotts of the dogs that were initiated first by the AMC and then by the Zulu by Justin Carter Freedom Party of cheesemonger suitable today, the national party was never walked out of the negotiations. It was essential for us to persuade all the major parties at times to rejoin the process before the elections. Nick a shopping cart are we managed to get them onto the polling papers and into the election only eight days before the first election on the 27th of April 1994. We found that it is equally important for parties to be able to take their constituencies with them. do a cheese. We have to waste a lot of time, but it wasn't time wasted. Constantly we had when we made progress in the negotiations. We have to give all the parties the chance to go back to their power bases and to get fresh Man dates on canned I say yes for this. Should I say no, are there any other proposals they have to chill the progress constantly back to the power bases and it was an important process because in this way we achieved abroad ownership for the process amongst the main political opinion formers with all the parties in South Africa. And this gave them the feeling. That they were part of it. That's the result of the new constitution. He's also was also a result of their inputs and therefore. Play adult 50. And they had an aptitude will defend this constitution. I felt it was hours. Had we just thrown up in three months time, which we could easily have done the Constitution behind closed doors and then just said this is the new constitution. The leadership has agreed upon it we going to push it through Parliament without majority. And that's that they would not have be this feeling of ownership. You know, you have a wonderful Constitution and you have this this great commitment amongst the overwhelming majority of your population. Do uphold the Constitution? Because you feel it is humanly speaking the foundation of the broader security which you all enjoy within the American. That is what we wanted to achieve with our constitutional negotiations. I believe that the result. He's such that they can be Good Hope. We made a good start. That also within South Africa our Constitution and Bill of Rights. Will become and remain and even become more so sort of the Mainstay of the basic security of an orderly civil society in which people will be able to ensure that their inherent rights are upheld and recognized. We found that personalities play an important role. Who you appoint whom you sent in to speak to whom? The mix of personalities the development between people playing key roles within different parties the development of a basic Mutual trust and confidence without being disloyal to your cause. You must be able to touch the word of the other spokesperson from the other party when he says I'll give you the insurance we couldn't get this through but we could get this through somehow or another having had. Maybe by chance. Successfully pick good negotiators within various important parties the leaders manage to put a team together. We found a way of whenever the deadlock Soca when it went at times it felt as if you stood before the wall and there's no door in that wall and you you'll just have to turn around and make a Utah those negotiate this found a possible to to find new positions to circumvent the problems with Euros in the stumbling blocks. people and personalities Audible negotiation isn't for sissies. It involves risk. Ultimate renegotiate this must be prepared to take risks to assure a successful outcome to the efforts. at some juncture a leap of faith will usually be unavoidable. We have to take such leaps of faith. We found any important city that parties must be prepared to make compromises to achieve win-win Solutions. it's extremely important that in negotiating you must think yourself into the position of the body sitting opposite you And the problems that that party has with regard to its followers its power base. And together by understanding each other's problems as well as your own problems. You must get this put it into it. Let's create a situation where they won't be winners and losers but we all of us can be winners. And so ladies and gentlemen. I could keep you busy for the whole evening. we have we have learned many Mentalist lessons from which I believe. the world can benefit An enclosing is there is one particular area where I feel that the world should do more. to address the problem namely the problem of complex Multicultural Society if you think of all the trouble spots in the world What is the underlying cause why are people killing each other? And he's usually either. because of religious intolerance all because of cultural intolerance with a minority group feels depressed feel that they are identity is threatened. Or it is because of a handful of people. enjoying great great. Prosperity while the masses are suffering at the On the economic side the world seems to be on the right course, they have found good recipes and throughout the world after the failed experiments with Communism the basic underlying principles which made America Rich which made Germany Rich which made all the prosperous countries prosperous are now beginning to be followed. Almost throughout the world by Sheikh private Enterprise principles, which can bring economic stability which can bring economic growth with all these problems. It's beginning to go better in many African countries because they are now adopting economic policies which are beginning to build some confidence which of these helps in some Investments which result in some job-creation which result in some economic growth. But on the issue of Multicultural societies much is being just said empty words in the United Nations. but we don't seem Do really come to grips with the problem? And I've identified through my experience a few principles, which I think could form the basis. For a better approach of the world to this problem and all the world leaders. bus sleep in such societies all cultural Community should be given maximum breathing space. Breathing space to promote their identities and to cherish their traditions. The right of different communities to educate their children in the language of their choice for instance is educationally sound and politically wise. It is also good to eat important that the cultural traditions and Heritage of the community should be respected and protected. Imperial societies, I believe one should strive for inclusivity simple majoritarianism a significant minority can be excluded from the processes of government should be avoided or Community should feel that they are adequately represented in all of the institutions through which they are, they should feel we have our people there and they can speak up to us and when they speak up for us, they will be listen to with patience by the majority. However, the majority is composed and they will be understanding of our problems and they will be a departure point of of trying to find a solution to the problems that we have as a minority group. Special Care should be taken that no Community feels isolated or alienated from the governmental process. My Father mobile leave that the culture of Toleration and pride in diversity should be cultivated a plural society is mutual respect and pride in the diversity of national cultures should be fostered through the educational system through the teaching of national languages and through the media. For you in America, this might not seem so important but in a country with 11 official languages like ours. We're not one of those 11 languages is understood open be spoken. By more than 50% of the nation. It is extremely important. Constitutional Provisions prohibiting discrimination of any form should be strictly enforced no communication from any aspect of national life because of which cultural or ethnic identity. we used to have the discrimination against black South Africans at the moment young white South Africans to I'm sure about their future in South Africa because the color of their skin comes against you go to Zulu or an Afrikaner or tosa or whatever. You shouldn't be forced to make a choice and say I will stop being a Zulu or I will stop being an African in order to be a South African. We all South Africans that is what our new Constitution say. We live in a non-racial country. They will be no form of discrimination on the basis of race Ocala. But we we not all the same we speak different languages. We have different histories. We have different cultures. We have different Editions. I bet he's room and space for all of us to also cherish those traditions and those cultures and those languages. Leslie Weil on the principal off but system never give up. They were numerous occasions joining our transformation process when the situation looked helpless. On a number of occasions as I said the agency walked out of the process. At one stage the radicals gain the upper hand and it seemed that they were determined to force their agenda on the rest of the country through Mass demonstrations and revolutionary actions that way but we stood firm. And waited for the pendulum to swing back towards the more moderate leadership within the agency Alliance and we were able to continue with the negotiations. So we learn never give up. These ladies and gentlemen are Out Among the principles the factors and the processes that have enabled South Africa to establish a peaceful and stable multi-racial democracy. Some of them were developed specifically for our own complex situation. Others. Have a more Universal application. It looks like I said 2500 years ago, nothing and Jaws but change. It was a night. Through a point. Of course, we will believe. In the Lord Almighty say no there is there is God who enjoys? Humanely speaking. You're on Earth. Everything continues to church. We cannot stop by the wayside and rest on our Laurels human and political relationships are not like that need to be serviced only once in every 10000 miles. They require constant attention or they will surely begin to unravel. No matter how sound we might think they are. And all I knew multi-party democracy in South Africa is going to go and it can grow in the wrong direction needs to be proved. It needs to be watered. It needs to be cultivated. It needs to be nourished and cherish. What you have in America? He's something which need to be nourished cherished. The process of change never ends when we stop changing. We stop growing and when we stop growing we stopped to die and exchanges inevitable. It is essential that we should understand how it works and learn how best to manage it. Then we must make sure that it is change for the better. I believe that we have changed for the better in South Africa. And I have confidence that South Africa allow people and our nation has the capacity to become a winning country and the winning Nation if we do the right things in writing chapter 2 and chapter 3 in chapter 4 of the new South Africa, we might have good start with chapter one and we played Good Foundations. I'm confident that the International Community and specifically the United States as the leading country of the world. Will understand and appreciate the significance of South Africa for sub-sahara Africa and will enter into partnership agreement with us. Not only with the god. Do that which is necessary to ensure that we as a country succeed but also with regard to the role that we can play in partnership with the leading countries of the world in addressing the terrible problems, which the continent of Africa is facing. I hope that my contribution to this will be sort of a gateway. Through which we can continue to change for the better in South Africa by. Thank you. Former South African president FW de klerk speaking recently at the University of st. Thomas in st. Paul Sunday by the way, March 4th anniversary of South Africa's historic first multi-racial elections. That does it for our midday program today or we're going to be rebroadcasting MR2 Clarke speech at 9 tonight in case you missed it or would simply like to hear it again. Programming on NPR is supported by Kare 11 News the recipient of the Edward R Murrow award for overall excellence in television. That is it for today Gary I can hear thanks for tuning in. Sarah Meyer is the producer of our midday program Michael call pink rose our associate producer lots of help this week from Amy Riedel Martin caste marks. It act like Clifford Bentley and Randy Johnson from Linden area on Monday. I hope you can join us. I'm going to Benson on the next All Things Considered singer-songwriter, Dylan Hicks. It's all things considered weekdays at 3 on Minnesota Public Radio know FM 91.1. You're listening to Minnesota Public Radio. We have a sunny Sky 70° at Kenner W FM 91.1 Minneapolis. And st. Paul Sunny through the rest of the afternoon high in the mid-seventies increasing cloud in this tonight with a low in the mid-40s 50/50 chance for showers and thunder showers tomorrow with a high just near 60°.