(00:00:00) As you all know a China is an old country. an ancient civilization that survived until today check the Chinese nation has a recorded history of over 4,000 years. There is no nation in this world today, which has such a long history. For the last 2,500 years until the Communists came to take over China in 1949. It was the philosophy of Confucius and such other philosophers like loud and the followers of Confucius mentions and the number of others which guided the life of the Chinese people. China developed a very Advanced agricultural system Which gave the people food to eat and a peaceful and happy life long before any other Nation had devised an agricultural system. And China had invented many things that we (00:01:24) today (00:01:26) take for granted such as gunpowder. She used for fireworks and printing paper and numerous other things and the reading of silkworms to make silk all of those things originated from China. Bob from the 18th century onwards China's economy stagnated while the rest of the world especially the Western World had the Industrial Revolution which promoted rapid economic growth and gradually China lag behind and also due to her isolation geographically from the rest of the world. That she developed Urban sense of her own importance. So they the Chinese call themselves and their own country the central Kingdom. Meaning that other nations. Were you phyria to China in Civilization? In the middle of the 19th century led by Great Britain China suffered a series of foreign invasions. These shook the people is conscious and created political and economic difficulties. Among the more intelligent and educated people in China. There was born a desire for change. With the deterioration and decadence of the Manchu rule. The Chinese were able to launch a revolution in 1911 to overthrow the Qin Dynasty and establish a republic. But the forces that established the Republic of China was not strong enough. To unify the whole country the country became split up into different regions governed by different Warlords. Great Powers such as Great Britain Japan the Soviet Union backed different Warlords. By supplying them with arms. So in actual fact the Warlords were fighting on behalf of foreign powers struggling for Supremacy in China. in 1927 the Nationalist party led by sing at sent at first and then after seeing your turns Days by John guy should Managed to defeat all the warlord's when after another. At that time the Nationalist party and the Communist Party were Allied in their task to unify China. But while they were there Army was proceeding northward. There was a split. because the car junk I should and the Nationalist party realized that the Communists were infiltrating into the Nationalist party with the purpose of finally taking over and the Communist Party in China was formed under the guidance and encouragement of the third international which was a branch of the Soviet Communist party at the first Communist Party Congress in China in 1921 when the party was formed A representative of standing actually was present. Anyway, the Nationalist part Army turned against the relatively small communist Army. and the split occurred while the national succeeded in defeating all the Warlords and put china under one government. The Communist Army was not completely annihilated it retreated to the mountains. in jiangshi (00:06:10) province (00:06:12) and the Nationalist Army launched five campaigns to try to wipe out the Communist forces, which was small in number. At the last during the last campaign. You 1934-35 the Communist Army was compelled to retreat into the interior. This is what is known now as the Long March. They set out from their base in GMC with 300,000 men. When they reach the interior Union and they had left only 30,000. the Nationals did not pursue them to the end because they thought it didn't matter. The Communists were occupying a very poor part of China. There was nothing they can do very much to threaten the Nationalist government. At the same time Japan starting to encroach on Chinese territory. in 1931 Japan occupied Manchuria and tried to push you into North China. The Communists in order to preserve their strengths launched a campaign through their underground agents all over China for a patriotic united front with a nationalist government so they could jointly resist Japanese aggression. Do you had a tremendous popular appeal among the Chinese people? So 1935 the Nationalist and the Communist side an agreement. To stop fighting each other but to turn and fight the Japanese you 1937 two years later Japan launched an all-out attack on China. And the division of labor between the Nationals Army and the Communist Army was that the Nationalist Army was to fight the front line positional Warfare while the Communist Army was to fight the Guerrilla War. eight years later Japan was defeated by the United States. Before that Japan had occupied already one third of China's territory along the coast the most prosperous and developed area of China. twenty million people had been killed by the Japanese Invaders many millions of others became refugees They were uprooted from their homes. by the Japanese invading Army the Communist Army in the meantime use the opportunity of Guerrilla War to set up bases all over China. They were small areas of territory. They put under their own group. In those territories They carried out a program of land reform give the land take the land from the landlord and give to the (00:10:08) peasants (00:10:10) because of that. They attracted a tremendous amount of support among Chinese. Peasants Nationwide. I'm putting civil war broke out between the nationalists and the Communists the Communists had an unceasing supply of Manpower while the Nationalist founded impossible almost to recruit soldiers to their ranks. Three years later the Communists took over the whole of China. And the Nationals retreated to Taiwan briefly. This is a summary of China's recent history in the last couple of hundred years. What mounted on talk over China? He promised the Chinese people. Unity among all sections of the Chinese Society In my an effort to create peace and Recovery this had a tremendous appeal to the exhausted and impoverished Chinese people. He had enjoyed in 1949 a tremendous amount of support. Not only from the workers and The Peasants 44 home the Communist Party claimed claims to represent but he also enjoyed the support from the intellectuals the educated Chinese and even businessman in the urban areas. But very quickly the Chinese people realize that multitude own stock before he talked over was just propaganda. Instead of using that opportunity to create in China a society ruled by law. And to lead the people in a concerted effort for National reconstruction. Created a series of political movements to consolidate the power of the Communist party and himself and also to root out enemies imaginary or real. He started with a land reform movement during which time the landlord's were executed. Their lands redistributed to the peasants. Not only the landlord themselves suffered their family members down to their grandchildren were all persecuted against and became none persons. Then he carried out campaigns against the business people in order to take over their factories and businesses. Then he carried out campaigns against the intellectuals. So that party secretaries could go and take over hospitals universities and schools. During each campaign, he would call upon the masses to denounce the enemy. Children were obliged to denounce their parents. Wives had to denounce their husbands. Friends had to denounce each other. Instead of creating unity and Harmony among the people. He created Mutual suspicion and even hostility. in 40 Years of communist rule the Communist party has changed fundamentally China's culture. Today you will find the Chinese people still suspicious of each other the lingering effect of the mouth multa de Muro and with the latest Crackdown and tightening up much of that has been revived. People didn't when I live there we didn't make friends. Because if you had a good friend the moment she gets into trouble. I would be called upon to denounce her if I got into trouble. She would be called upon to denounce me why I have friends. People became us utterly isolated. The Chinese people became different in order to protect themselves. They were obliged to lie. They became hypocritical. It almost was. Important for self-preservation to keep a facade of supporting the party and the government and keep inside yourself, whatever you truly believe in or sink. Everybody has a false appearance in China even today. Do you Smitty really change the Chinese people? This is one of the greatest damages in my opinion that the Communist party has inflicted on China. Another was of course multiples persecution of the educated. Intellectuals, so now China has has already jettisoned the traditional Confucius idea of respect for learning. The people in the countryside would rather not send their children to school. They say if you become a professor you earn so little money and every now and then you will get into political trouble either put in prison or denounced why I would just be a peasant. And my also don't want said The more, you know, the more reactionary you get. the proletarian cultural revolution, which was large 1966 Watch the biggest and the final political movement launched by mounted on. It was primarily a power struggle among the Communist Leaders The Very senior leaders. But by that time multi-tone could no longer rally a majority vote in the politburo to vote out his opponents. So he turned to organizing the masses to destroy his opponents in the party leadership through his wife. He organized the high school students into red cards. The high school students had grown up since 1949 1949 to 1966 was 17 years. They have not had no memory of China before the Communists took over. And China being isolated. They knew nothing about what was going on outside. From the time they were in daycare center kindergarten they were brought up to worship mouth. One day were given something to eat like a biscuit or a me a cookie Ora a piece of candy. They all had to hold it up and look at Mouse picture in every classroom. Thanks to Chairman Ma. And they were taught to sounds like my mother used to hear my father used here. But Chairman Mao is the dearest of all. And they were told slogans to shout. For every chamomile points there, I would run. So these kids believe mounted on to be God? Everything Mouse said was the truth. They must obey they were told that the amount of Chinese people that were hidden enemies. American troops were you in Vietnam anytime they're going to cross the border. These enemies will rise to destroy the people's government and establishing China a capitalist state. the great guards believed it When they were Unleashed by Mao and his wife they went on a rampage they commandeered trains and ships to travel all over the country to ignite the fire of revolution. They adopted people from the buses and public vehicles at random. If they would give the people wore clothes that were that reflected Western fashion. They cut their clothes or shave their head. They beat up the former owners of businesses and factories accuse them of exploiting the working (00:20:35) class. (00:20:37) They even wanted to change the traffic light because red is the color Revolution should be go so the traffic lights stopped operating they change the name of the streets the road outside. The British Consulate was renamed Anti-Imperialist Boulevard the road outside. The Soviet consulate was named NTU revisionist Boulevard, then they started to come into people's homes and August the 30th. I had been sitting there waiting for the red guards because they had already entered my neighbor's home. At about 11:30 at night. I was reading I heard hammering on the friendly. So I called my manservant to go and open the gate. About between 35 and 40 red guards led by three teachers with red armbands mouth of the Moose handwriting red guards pour into my house. I met him in the hole the leading Red Guard came up to me and said we are the red guards. We have come to take revolutionary action against you another red card smash the mirror. I had on the wall and hang in its place a quotation of Malta dome, which said when the enemies with guns are annihilated the enemies without guns still remain we must not be little these enemies. He came up to me point it at my nose. He said you are an enemy without gun. They locked me in the dining room dispersed all over my house to destroy the for old old culture old Customs or habits and all ways of thinking there was no guideline as to what constituted. Oh what constitute in you yet was left to the red guards the teenagers to decide almost everything in my home could be considered old so they started to smash and I was in the dining room. I heard you spanning noise going on overhead. So I asked a girl red card if I could go to the bathroom. She unlocked the door and I walked out as I came up the stairs steps on the landing. I saw a boy Red Guard with four of my Kang Shi wine cups over 400 years old lined up on the floor stepping on them. He just crushed the first one and about to put his foot on the second one when I left forward grab his leg. We fell down together. He got up very quickly and keep me in the chest. I said what are you doing? They said these are the four old old culture. We've been told by Chairman Mao to destroy it. Oh I said you mustn't do it. This is the cultural heritage of the Chinese people you they cannot be replaced. You mustn't destroy them. These things are the toys of the feudal empress and members of the capitalist class to us the proletarians. We have no use for them. What should I say? I do think very quickly to preserve these Treasures. I suddenly remembered I saw on the street as slogan. They love pasting a big sheets of paper with slogans on the street. It said we must plant German Maus red flag all over the world. So I said to them you're going to carry this revolution all over the world, aren't you? They said what has that got to do with you you are a class enemy. Well I said if you are going to carry out Revolution all of the world, you need a lot of money you can take these to Hong Kong. I'm seldom for a big sum of money. Oh, they were impressed. So I succeeded in Saving about 2/3 of the porcelain pieces that are collected as a hobby. I studied it. I had representative pieces from every cue from Tang Dynasty down. Then they burned all my books in a big bonfire in the garden. They cut off all my clothes, especially soup dresses and they smash the furniture what they couldn't smash to use a sharp instrument to make marks destroyed. Finally, they put me under house (00:25:50) arrest. (00:25:52) I was given the boxspring of my bed on the floor to sleep on two chairs. The red guards took turns to watch. They took away all my so-called valuables jewelry silver and whatever they wanted. I had one daughter. She was boring in Australia for my late husband was a diplomat. In China young people could not choose their profession the party controlled everybody's life from Cradle to grave the party in truth in everybody's Private Affairs home. You can marry how many children you can have where you're going to live. What you were going to study where you're going to work all decided by the party? The people have no right to choose their own destiny when my daughter graduated from high school. She was spotted by a couple of talent scouts and made to go to the dramatic art college to be trained as an actress. When she graduated she was given a job with a Shanghai Film Studio as a film actress. She lived at home. She was allowed. To live in the same house as I was under house arrest, but we weren't allowed to talk to each other when she discovered that I was allowed by the red guards to walk in the garden in the mornings for exercise. She wrote on slips of paper simple messages such as Mommy. I love you. We must pull through together roll them into a ball and drop them into the garden and next morning. I would pick them up and read them. These messages gave me a tremendous amount of comfort, but they also represented the very last contact I had with my daughter because subsequently I was taken to a struggle meeting where I was surrounded by a hostile mob. Abused for four hours all the time accused of being a spy for the Imperials. I was pushed on the floor pulled up again. I had my face slap my hair pulled and people spat on me all the time shouting you are dirty spy for the Imperials confess confess confess. My only crime it seemed was that I had Western connections. I went to college in America in China in an American and doubt University. I went to college in England after that. I'm done my late husband and I both work for Shell Oil. So I had Western connections and I was suspected of having been a spy. I tried to explain that I couldn't be a spy working for sure. I had no access to government secrets, but nobody could hear me. They were shouting at me pushing me down pulling me up. Every now and then the organizer will say are you going to confess I would say I'm not guilty. I have nothing to confess. Finally, they took me out onto the street followed by this Mom. By the curb was the black sheep everybody in Shanghai knew it was the vehicle taking prisoners prison after each political movement. He still salt maybe I didn't understand so he made a gesture young man came forward holding a pair of handcuffs. He said to me you come fast now. Are you going to come first? I was depressed. I didn't know which way to turn it seemed I didn't speak the same language as these people. I couldn't make them understand that I couldn't have been a spy and I washing the spot and I knew they were going to take me to prison. So I bowed my head and I recited to myself the 23rd psalm. I appeal to the Lord. When I reach the line, which said though, I walk through the valley of the shadow of death. I shall fear no evil for thou art with me. So I stopped and I Rod they (00:30:55) comfort me (00:30:57) I felt a surge of Courage. So I raised my head. I said, I'm not guilty. I have nothing to confess. They pull my arms back put the handcuffs on me. Push me into the Jeep. I was driven to the number one detention house for political prisoners her I was confined for six and a half years in solitary confinement. for 6 and 1/2 years I did not hear a friendly voice. I did not see a smiling face. I was constantly interrupted beaten up torture pressure to confess that I was a spy. The cell was dirty and dark one small window if I stood on tiptoes my eyebrows leveled with the bottom of the window the window was this high with iron bars pitted with rust, even though the window was only so high lower part of that window was covered from the outside by wouldn't black wooden board. I slept two planks of rough wood about a foot from the floor. The floor was cement when you're trained outside. The floor was (00:32:30) black. (00:32:33) I was given a starvation diet of rice and boiled cabbage. Once a week I had a (00:32:42) strip meat. I tried (00:32:47) to improve the environment. Our use the rice as paste Chinese rice is gluttonous. I crashed the rice grains to use the space and stuck toilet paper along the Dirty War where I was sleeping so that my the bed was only so narrow so that my bidding and my soul will not touch that dirty wall. The prisoners had to sleep with the light on it was a very dim bow covered with Grime and dust I couldn't reach so I couldn't clean it. So I made myself by cutting up a pillowcase. I made myself eyeshades every Sunday. The prisoners were allowed to borrow needles. And so makes the Apache or close. And I tried to keep the cell clean. Nevertheless no matter how much I did to try to make my life in that cell Paulo. I often sunk in deep depression and many people in similar circumstances finally emerge from the Year. Terry incarceration with their mind affected I survived with my mind intact. mainly because of my face in God Everyday, I (00:34:25) pray. (00:34:28) When I spoke to the Lord about my interrogations somehow, I always felt. I was able to cope with the next one with better intellect and greater courage. It's very difficult for a person to preserve ones dignity and self-respect because it's easy for a person in solitary confinement to feel completely abandoned by Society. But I never felt alone when I closed my eyes and prayed I felt the presence of the Lord. My face in God as well as all the methods. I devised like doing arithmetic in my mind reciting poetry that I learned when I was in high school help to keep me sane and help to sustain me so that I could insist on my innocence and refused to confess once during interrogation. They had a military officer. Repeatedly, they urge me to confess they slap my face. Keep me. I still wouldn't confess. He got mad. He pulled out his gun and point it at me like this. I've got scared. I thought he was going to shoot me. My heart was thumping but very quickly I said to myself never mind. I have to die sooner or later. It doesn't matter how long I live. What matters is How I Live While I am living so I raised my head like this looked at him straight into his eyes and I said, I'm not guilty. If you could produce concrete evidence to prove that I am guilty then you can shoot me. He put his gun back and sat down. because of my interest reduce they decided to apply torture. I was called to the interrogation room. The guards they're starting to push me around. This was the winter 1971-72. I was already very weak. I've been there since 66 I was tongue to skin and bones. They push me and I staggered about I became busy then. A male guard Janka young man grabbed her friend of my jacket. He pulled me towards him and threw me against the wall. I staggered back hit the wall and was about to collapse onto the floor. But before I hit the floor, he pulled me up again and sue me again. He did this repeatedly with lightning speed in a very expert way. I became completely disorientated. I vomited but prisoners had empty stomach. Only water came out it got onto his uniform he became mad. So he threw me into a chair for the prisoner and a female guard came to slap my face. Are you going to confess? Are you going to confess? Are you going to confess like this both sides of my face? I was sitting there like this trying to to recover my breasts when I finally was able to speak. I raised my head I said, I'm not guilty. I have nothing to confess. She pulled my arms behind and drape them on the back of the chair. Then she clap on my ribs a pair of special handcuffs made of heavy brows with a square Edge. She puts her hands around a handcuffed and squeeze them. So they fitted snugly around my ribs. She said as long as you don't confess, you'll have to wear these handcuffs. If you never confess you wear them to your coffee. I was led across the courtyard to another building words are words of punishment cells. I was pushed into a room and they locked the door. It was a tiny room. No bigger than this Square no way. Don't know light I stood there trying to recover. What my eyes became accustomed to the darkness. I saw a wooden board on the floor, so I sat down and bowed my head. And rested my head on my knees. Very quickly. I realized that my these handcuffs were so heavy my hands were hot. As if my arms were being pulled out of it their sockets, so I held the handcuffs like this. To take the weight away and every now and then I stood up to bend my knee and exercise my shoulders for 24 hours. I was locked in there. The guards came in rallies to shout through the door. Are you going to confess at first? I had the strength to say, I'm not guilty later. I became so weakened that I couldn't speak. Then they took me out. To interrogation room again to pressure me to confess when I again refused. They took me back to my cell and they said you will continue with your punishment (00:40:41) here. (00:40:44) I saw the mug of water. I was given the day before my primer first concern was to drink some water. So I paint over the mark and remove the (00:40:55) lid. Of the mark (00:40:59) by gripping the knob with my teeth putting it aside and gripping the rim of the mark and drinks and lowering myself to drink some water. But I had no way to eat for three days. I did not eat on the fourth day. I thought of a way to eat some food to keep alive. So when I was offered food again at the prisoners were offered food in oblong aluminum container with rice and cabbage inside. I went to the opening and the woman from the kitchen put the container in my cup hands. I carried it to the table and spread out a small freestyle and picked up my plastic spoon to loosen the rise. Again, the handcuffs already cut through my flesh and skin there were blood Pop's cruising out every movement I made with the spoon was excruciatingly painful. But I 10 I got enough some rice is loosened. I tipped it on the towel been over it and eat like an animal. I kept myself alive that way for 11 days and nights when I find him they took the handcuffs away. All the handcuffs were congealed blood and pus and I I was on the floor. I brought my hands forward to look I close my eyes. It was awful. My arms were swollen this big my pants swollen but nails were all purple in color and I could not raise my hands higher than this. the back of my head was like a puffed up not only my hands and arms were affected. My feet were affected the were busy stirs on my feet and my feet were swollen to enormous (00:43:06) sizes. (00:43:09) For two years after that the back of my hands had no fee no feeling at all. I could push a needle and not feel the same. And they refuse to give I couldn't raise my arm higher than this. They refused to give me any bandage. I tore up my last pillowcase. And used a spending but very quickly the blood and pus seeps through and that damn self. The bandage wouldn't dry. So what I did was when the prisoners were given boiling drinking water. I wait I heard him here heard the woman coming with her car. Have you caught then? I start to wash the dirty Bandit and when she came and gave me the boiling water. I want the bandage on the outside of the enamel ma to use that as an eye and try the bandages. Anyway, thank the Lord. I didn't get any infection gradually the wounds heal. I have scars to this day. It was lucky for me President. Nixon came the following here. If he didn't come they would have been other torture to me and I might have died next time President. Nixon came to China made multiple change his policy all those people like myself with Western connections were no longer considered enemies. He wanted to win American recognition. I was released from prison on the day. I was released they call me to the interrogation room and the man said stand up. I will read the conclusion of your case. I stole that he said after. Giving me socialist education and observing me for six and a half years, they discern and Improvement in my attitude. So they were going to release me. I got Furious. Can you imagine the hypocrisy of it? No mention that I was not a spy. So I said to him I cannot accept these conclusion. You must give me a proper conclusion, which should be a categorical statement that I'm not guilty of any political mistakes or crime. The people's government must apologize to me for wrongful arrest and apology must be published in the newspapers. I said unless and until you give me such a proper conclusion. I'm going to stay here so I sat down. He was a little taken aback and she said this is not an old people's home. You know, you can't stay here all your life. Well, I said I have no wish to stay here all my life if you apologize tomorrow, I would be only too glad to go sheep and a table. She said this is the dictatorship of the proletariat if we tell you to come you have to come if we tell you to go you have to go and he made a gesture to guards came in drag me out of prison. What awaited me outside what's the news that my daughter had died? I was officially informed that she committed suicide. I did not believe it. I tried to find out but I couldn't. It wasn't until after multiple died in 1976 that the truth came out. Because I was intransigent and refuse to confess that I was a spy. They abducted my daughter in the middle of the night from where she was living. And beat her to pressure her to denounce her mother. She refused they beat her heart. She refused again the beat her given harder until they beat her to death. Then they threw her body out of a nice floor window. to fake suicide The death of my daughter was a terrible blow. It's rendered meaningless my struggle in prison to keep alive. I wanted to die. Again, I prayed I asked the Lord. Why did this have to happen to me? I prayed day after day. Every time I close my eyes I saw her lying in a pool of blood and Nanking (00:48:39) world. (00:48:43) but the power of (00:48:45) Prayer was tremendous (00:48:50) one day. I was praying suddenly I saw her as a little baby in my arms. Then I saw her as a toddler little girl teenager a beautiful young woman. I was remembering the happy times we had together. I realized that that instead of being bitter because I lost her. I should thank God that I had. The joy and the privilege of having had her as my daughter for 24 years. There was a measure of acceptance. But I can assure you not a day passes that I do not think of her miss her and wish she were here with me in the United States. I have two sisters who came here at the end of the war to go to college. They settle down here married and raise their families. They sponsored me to come as immigrant. After living here for five (00:50:10) years. (00:50:11) I became a citizen you 1988 on August the 16th and took my oath of allegiance to America at the Statue of Liberty. The newspaper people actors Statue of Liberty as me. How do you feel I said, this is the proudest day of my life. The judge asked me to say a few words to the others could talk toes with me. It was an expected. So as I walked up to the platform, I thought what I should say. What I said was this. Some of us came to this wonderful country for freedom and Justice because we were persecuted in our native land. Others came here for you cannot make opportunities for whatever reason we came to the United States. I want you all to remember the hardship and sacrifices of the early settlers whose effort created this wonderful land. I want you to remember the wisdom of the founding (00:51:41) fathers (00:51:43) who have given us a constitution that guarantees our basic rights. William artist Whatever our limited Talent, maybe we must do our best. To contribute to the Future prosperity and greatness to America when I finish came down the steps. They all crowded around me said to me you said the very thing that was in our hearts. I was very happy. So my story has a happy ending since the publication of my book. I've traveled with and breathe breath of this wonderful land wherever I could have been I have met people like yourselves you have received me with your open arms. I have a new life. Thanks to you all and to the United States government. I'm deeply grateful, but I wish my daughter were here with me. Thank you.