An ancient Greek philosopher said you can't step into the same stream twice. He was talking about change and how each New Day brings with it physical political moral and economic changes, which impact all of our lives. Our keynote speaker is a leading Authority on change. When major news breaks in the United States or abroad CBS Evening News anchor and managing editor. Dan Rather can be found on the air or on the scene. During his 24 years with CBS News. Dan Rather has covered most of the key events that have occurred from Vietnam Watergate the assassination of President John F Kennedy and dr. Martin Luther King jr. On through to the opening of the Berlin Wall. He is nationally recognized as one of the most knowledgeable reporters on the national political scene. His accomplishments have earned him high Acclaim including nine. Emmy Awards for outstanding broadcast journalism, Dan Rather in his remarks entitled the 21st century has begun will share with us a view of a new and different world. a world more International a world more competitive. I am pleased to welcome, Dan Rather. Thank you. Thank you very much for that warm. Welcome. Thank you, Jim. Good evening. Ladies and gentlemen. About that much appreciated but clearly overly generous introduction. I'm reminded of what Abe Lincoln said about such things which was when you get that kind of introduction take neither the time nor trouble to deny it that the audience will find out the truth soon enough for themselves. Jim I'm also indebted to you for not mentioning the fact that I am a graduate of Sam Houston State Teachers College in Huntsville, Texas. And while those of us who went there know it to be the Harvard or University of Minnesota of our part of the world that we're perfectly where a lot of people this far north never heard of it. One reason I wanted to mention it is that you mentioned the word expert which always makes my heart beat just a little bit faster and my next well just a little it's very important to me this evening. Ladies and gentlemen, as we move along. I want to share a few ideas with you. We want to have a little panel discussion. I hope that we can touch off maybe one just one new Sunburst of thought in your mind if we can do that. I think it would be a success from at least this end of things but as we go along it's important that you understand that I understand that there may be experts on the 21st century. on geopolitical strategy and economics And experts on change, but if there are you'd be surprised how few of them graduated from Sam Houston State Teachers College. So I hope you'll keep that in mind as we go along. And thinking about that introduction. I hadn't intended to say this, but it occurs to me that. It also reminds me of a good Winston Churchill story Churchill toward the United States particularly in the early 30s making speeches appearing before groups. And it one of them the young man traveling with him looked out on the crowd not unlike this one. I suspect and said, you know, mr. Churchill. You should really feel tremendous. You should feel terrific all these people came out here to hear you speak. You must really feel terrific and Churchill said, well not really said because I try to keep in mind that at least three times that many would come out to see me hanged. I do want to share with you a few things on my mind and then turn to Nicholas Hayes Alan Jacobson and Whitney MacMillan to help bring my Broad generalities and believe me. They'll be pretty broad a little closer to home. I've called this the 21st century has become begun. for this reason journalists are not historians a lot of us on our worst days sort of think we are the best in the journalists can do is kind of make a rough first draft of history. And only the good ones can do that. But we read enough history and are at least historically aware enough to know that centuries rarely began from a historical standpoint rarely began with the Turning of a calendar something like 1900 or the year 2000. In a historical perspective centuries usually began in end with some seminal event or series of such events and personalities for example in this is not original with me and it may not even be profound. That a theory to which I subscribe is that the 20th century did not begin in the year 1900 at the 20th century began somewhere in the area of area of 1917 1920 that the 20th century as we think of it historically began. With the end of World War 1 the coming of marxist linen ISM stalinism to the Soviet Union. With Einstein's theory of relativity. And with Freud's breakthrough exploration and studies of the working of the mind. I would propose to you. That's when the 20th century began what some people later called the American Century. Now it's in that spirit that I say to you that I think we're kidding ourselves if we consider that we are still in the latter part of the 20th century. From that standpoint in that context and perspective the 20th century has begun it started now and if there is any doubt in our minds, they should have been blown away by the events of the last 12 to 18 months. Climaxing with what happened at the Berlin wall and the end of the Cold War as we have known it. I think it's a fairly important qualification as we have known it because I'm not quite so sure that the cold war is completely finally an absolutely gone, but that's another subject for another day. Let me propose to you that the 21st century is upon us. It has begun. We just watch the close of our last broadcast of the 1980s and I appreciate you sitting through that and your warm response to it. It's a reminder that those of us fortunate enough to be in journalism. We've seen an unusual number of great stories crammed into an unusual small amount of time these last few months. Nothing more astounding partly before the swiftness the suddenness with which it seemed to happen. Nothing more astounding than the collapse of the Communist Empire as we have known it in a single year. This represents for us as Americans and as citizens of the world a challenge and opportunity and a danger on a scale that we have rarely known and perhaps in our lifetimes have not known. I think we tend to talk more about the challenge and the opportunity that grows out of what these in these incredible events of the last few months bring to us than we do about the danger and one of the points I'd like to suggest to you for your consideration that in our Euphoria in our celebration Justified as it is about these tremendous events and the great opportunity. They represent the great challenge they represent that we not Overlook the danger that they represent a cyclone of change has swept away the ambiguities that are buffered us for years in the wake of that storm. I think some things come clear among them. Are these one Communism as we have known it and as most of the people who have lived under it have known it. Is now recognized as politically obsolete intellectually discredited and economically unmanageable. two Germany formally reunited or not. Germany is returning its oscillating toward its historical place as the dominant power of Central Europe. Oscillating away from what has been its World War II forced upon it posture as a member of the Atlantic Alliance more about that later. Three Japan's economic power is a far greater challenge to this country than Soviet military power at least at this moment. Now we've all known times when our nation is stood bewildered at the fork in the road. You come to a kind of Y in the road sometimes our nation when it reaches one of those Forks has been marked. I'm praying for the wisdom to choose the right course, I'd suggest to you that this is not one of those times. When I signed off that last broadcast of the last year. I said to myself that America now was looking down a road. That is hard straight and fast after year that took us to Tokyo to Tiananmen Square to Berlin Prague Malta. I think it became clear that there is but one path into the 21st century and that's the path of growing International interdependence and to Fierce economic competition. A fierce economic competition the likes of which I don't believe we've seen in our entire history and if we have seldom hand. Now this is the kind of path that lends itself. I would also suggest to you the kind of bold Innovative move quickly adjust and change action that Americans are justifiably noted for the world over. What concerns me some and I'm an optimist by Outlook training and remain one, but I'm puzzled a little because faced with this kind of opportunity this kind of Challenge and yes this kind of danger. We seem to be strangely uncharacteristically and dangerously completion. Prudence is good. Caution is good. But it isn't smart to confuse it with procrastination or darling. We seem to be in a kind of interregnum with the church might call it in Reagan. We recognize that the old order is gone. We don't yet have in our own minds as a people as a country as a society a new order of things. I find it rather strange and uncharacteristic for us. Let me make clear to you. I think the American Press including radio and television perhaps especially television Bears a heavy responsibility for our national shortcomings in this area. There are no exceptions. I include myself and CBS News when I say that for example our viewers Americans in general you all of us still have not grasped the immediacy and potentially devastating implications of what's happening in the world nor have we fully grasp the opportunities never has the phrase the global picture had such relevance. But how is our society responded to this new rise of globalism? The answer sadly is that we haven't really the kind of paralysis is set in or at best a kind of pause. From the White House to the state house to the schoolhouse to our living rooms to boardrooms and right on down through our newsrooms. We need new thinking never mind the Russians and Gorbachev. We need reform restructuring new thinking and bold action without it. I don't think the country can preserve and will not deserve leadership in the new vastly more interdependent World community. One big reason for that is are alarming ignorance of the language Customs history and geography of the rest of the world. Particularly with this audience. I know you've all heard stories of business deals gone sour because of our language problem our relationships ended because of an unintended insult that resulted when one party was completely ignorant of the others customs and culture. You've all read reports on the shame of our students and I use the word measuredly the shame of our students unable to find even Mexico or France on a map exclamation point every World traveled reporter has witnessed such incidents firsthand and his shuttered. Let's go to straight. The Japanese economic Miracle is the result of many things including hard study and hard work. It's also a result of the fact that the Japanese know more about the rest of the world than the rest of the world knows about them. This is particularly true in our own country. They score with customers in this country by and large because they know what customs. Abide here and what customers want? In a word, we don't know diddly about them. This is costing us dearly. And yes, we in the Press including radio and television have been among the worst at bringing that home to people. It's also subjecting America and Americans to ridicule those of you traveled. I suspect have noticed this. Maybe you've talked about it among yourselves. Ridicule especially in New Economic power centers such as Germany and Japan behind our backs and sometimes to our faces they now make fun of us. You may have even heard some of the jokes at our expense one of which I'm going to repeat not because it's particularly funny, but because it's so instructive. Question If a person who speaks three languages is trilingual and a person who speaks two languages is bilingual. What do you call a person who speaks only one language and American? That's humiliating and all the more so because we know it's true. One of the reasons we Americans know that our country is the greatest on Earth is because we like no other nation in history have so successfully found a place for millions of people from other lands. We are truly a nation of immigrants. How is it possible that we can be so ignorant of where we came from? Actually, I have a theory did you ever meet a reporter who didn't have a theory about things? The theory is that in thinking for so long that ours is the greatest country on Earth knowing that in believing that everything we do and make and have is the best we couldn't imagine learning about the rest of the world being worth the bother. We know why it's worth the bother now and we all agree. We've got a problem. including within that problem with the additional points of ignorance of language Customs history and geography of our economic competitors, which is costing this country's leading role in the international marketplace, which cost people's jobs which threatens our future I don't think it's an overstatement to say that. Now I say all this in the spirit of frequently in error, but rarely in doubt. But whenever I wonder what I'm doing up on a Podium such as this and talking to people the way I've talked to you and talk with you the way I hope to talk with you a little later. I do Comfort myself with the thought that amateurs built the ark while professionals built the Titanic. Or to put it another way common sense. Sometimes has a better chance of coming through and it isn't crowded out a lot of theories. So let me lay mine on you this I believe we those of us in the press and you perhaps can best help United States begin to cope with the new realities of the new interdependent Global Community by placing heavy emphasis immediately on the teaching of geography history and languages, especially That includes teaching in our newspapers radio and television. It's so easy to think of Television is only entertainment or perhaps entertainment and news that we forgotten what a powerful teacher television can be and sometimes is for example, we need to have more not less foreign news coverage in both national and local broadcast. In Mark, well that the trend line in American journalism right now. Print and broadcast is away from not toward more foreign coverage foreign coverage cost more a lot more than domestic coverage. That's sometimes given as an excuse and Alibi Little Wonder that some broadcast Executives. Not all but some like to talk about how they know Americans aren't interested in news from overseas. I acknowledge to you I submit to you that talk is wrong. And I also think that kind of talk is dangerous. You probably heard some of it. Listen the ratings went down when they began covering Eastern Europe. And what's happening in Romania and Bulgaria and Poland Czechoslovakia. Probably also heard the argument that listen the ratings go down anytime. They cover foreign news. This is an old Canard in journalism. As the saying used to be in the newspaper business. It's a long way from Broadway. And it's awfully easy to say. Well that happens a long way from Broadway a long way from Minneapolis. Maybe you shouldn't put it on the front page and maybe you shouldn't pay for that kind of coverage. That's wrong, and it's dangerous. Now we broadcasters talk a lot about freedom of the press and deregulation good things but too few of us in our own industry even talk anymore about responsibilities and public service something over and above ratings and profits both important things and in their own context good things, but why is it that we broadcasters talks a little now about responsibilities and public service. Well for one thing because you the audience and people in broadcasting such as myself do not ask enough forcefully enough, why aren't the people's Airways being used at least a little more public service for that clearer Global picture. You have a right to expect more from television. You have an obligation to expect more from broadcasters. I'll try to ask more of myself, perhaps the most important thing. We in the business of broadcasting in the profession of Journalism can do together with all of you is help each other help the country by resolving to crack through this paralysis that seems to grip America at the moment. For right now we are and we are recognized as being on a worldwide basis long on talk short on action. I want to underscore the again. I think that is not in the American tradition. It is quintessentially American to believe that all problems are soluble. I believe that you believe that so let's have the world continue. To believe that such is just an American delusion a mark of immaturity and naivete. I think we can continue to use that to our advantage just let them think. Well, this is a rather still childish America. It believes that all problems are soluble. All problems may not be soluble but it's an advantage to believe within yourself that there are soluble if you just try hard enough work hard enough study hard enough you can do anything. One of our many strengths and one we continue to have having outlined some where our weaknesses is that we are a nation built on ideals and optimism. This is a strength given to us by our fathers and mothers and one that we should pass on to our sons and daughters. But the power of ideals and optimism Works only when it is harnessed to hard study hard work and a determination not to duck hard facts and tough truths. I spoke earlier of America's long-held belief our mutual belief that because we consider our nation because we know our nation to be the greatest in the world that there was no reason to bother about the rest of it make no mistake. I still want us to feel I still think we're justified in believing that we are the greatest nation, but now we have to understand that the stay that way we must know more about the world than any other Nation. By helping each other in the ways that I've suggested we can bring that about and ensure that our country's 21st century is a bright one something everyone in this room certainly wants because after all the 21st century is where all of us in our friends families and loved ones as well. We'll spend the rest of our lives. Thank you, and will now have a little discussion of some of these and other things. Thanks. Thank you very much. Joining. Mr. Rather on the panel will be Nicholas Hayes associate professor of history at Hamline University. Alan Jacobson chairman and chief executive officer of 3M Company and Whitney McMillan chairman and chief executive officer of Cargill Incorporated. Well gentlemen first, let me ask you mr. Jacobson and mr. McMillan. First you mr. Jacobson if you had to pinpoint. One area in which you think we can improve the most. The quickest and then which we need to improve what when it might it be so far as competitiveness is concerned. Yes. Well, I think better cooperation between government and business having government realized the importance of trade the importance of a strong business community. Versus the adversary attitude which is often taken and the predominance of other issues security is certainly important, but certain Foreign Relations issues over our trade interests. I think that's the first place we should start. And who would you hold responsible for that? Well, I think I would hold our Congress primarily responsible for that. Miss McMillan. Well, I think that the speaking from the business point of view only that we have to think globally and we have to be as willing to compete at other people's countries as they are to come to our countries to compete. So despite everything we hear about being unable to penetrate the Japanese Market. I think it's our responsibility to go over there and do just that and that if we can compete there we will enjoy the margins that they are enjoying their and it will make us it'll make the plane ground more. Even we follow him that have been made. Let's take a culture as an example, but only an example because this problem as was Jacobson suggested manifest itself and right across the board. if the Japanese insist on protecting their own agricultural markets and the same time insist on exploiting perhaps one should not use exploiting markets for their Industrial Products. Is it advisable is it reasonable for us to say well, you can't continue to do the one unless you do the other or is that a practical approach allegory Corsa? Unfortunately, we all protect our agricultural markets that mean the United States is as guilty of protecting its agricultural Market as this Japan as is the European common market and it Japan's very large importer of food. It is possible for us to go into that Japanese market and and import food and work away at their distribution system, which is is rather inefficient, but we can compete in food to Japan. It's not easy. What what we've been doing is we've been going into the fertilizer business in Japan and into the Business in Japan and the margins of those businesses are very wide and and they give our competition the Japanese trading companies and incredible advantage and we would like to take that away from them. But I yeah, I believe it's possible from so he's let me take this in a slightly different direction. You spent a lot of time inside the Soviet Union's First, how are we viewed in the Soviet Union for many years. We were viewed as their principal competitor on just about every level we viewed now lest by Soviet officials then by Rank and file Russians in between we sleep. It's always very difficult to describe the Russian view of Americans. There's first of all just a general cordiality. They like us they like our informality it appeals to them. We tend to be big and kind of loud and obnoxious and kind of appeals to them in that sense, you know, as opposed to various other Europeans who they consider a little aloof and arrogant and I used to basically they tend the average Russian sees the American as a well-intended kind of poorly educated likable person who never should have gotten so rich and likes to play with guns too much. Maybe not too far off the mark you made it on the other hand more. Seriously, we've talked a lot you've said communism is discredited. I wouldn't argue with that. I don't think anybody honestly in Moscow would argue with that. We can talk a lot about the failures of the Communist systems, but you touched upon education and language. I'm sure we've all noticed this when we watch the TV screens you notice that from Moscow to Bucharest all across Eastern Europe, they can switch to an American correspondent English. They'll switch to the French correspondent in Russian or excuse me at French and the point of this anecdote is we forget what might have worked in that system. They do have brain power. They're very well educated and they do know that this is going to be the real European Century coming up and they may have a slight advantage on us over us. Number one. They're there number two on like, you know your joke about the monolingual American they all speak at least. Western language usually two or three they're all very well educated and they think at least in the brain game, they might have a corner on here. Mr. Ikenson taking a look and you you and your company have tremendous experience doing business in other countries and successfully so it'd take an overview of the United States and if we have to pinpoint where are our best chances to be competitive in the 21st century. Where would they be is it agriculture is it airframes as it's in all kinds of tape where our best chances? Well, I can't speak for agriculture. Whitney will have to do that. But I think in many many different manufactured items, we certainly have a good position in high technology airframes. You mentioned is our biggest manufactured export and if we do it, right we can continue that our company makes 60,000 different products and we find we can compete around the world and most of those so I think it is just putting your mind and making the long-range investment in business outside the United States. We've been at it for 45 years or more and I don't think it's something that you can move into quickly and move out of You certainly can't move into it and have the government pull you out because of some like the grain embargo were the oilfield equipment embargo and that sort of thing and have to start all over. I think most of our manufacturing can compete if they decide to and the follow-up this will you your company you do were directly impacted by the grain embargo imposed on the Soviets because of their invasion of Afghanistan think it's fair to say that you don't believe that's a good idea. I do not believe that was all right now paid off, but let's take the at that time not hypothetical when a potential military adversary yet the Soviet Union somebody else does something and the President says I think we need to send them a strong message. Clearly. They don't understand our resolve. They don't understand who we stand on this if he isn't going to do whether the public whether the president be Republican Democrat are mugwump or what have you. What could you suggest to him as Alternatives as opposed to the brook grain embargo or some of the things have been suggested vis-à-vis China more recently. Well, he in fact Did about four things. He had the food embargo he cut the Olympics off. He stopped all the Goshi ations for credits of most Favored Nations and and he stopped cultural exchanges. I've always been sympathetic to doing the symbolic types of things. I in fact supported the food embargo, but I would have put a time limit on it. If you may remember the Chinese lady that early on defected to the United States and the Chinese decided to have an embargo on the United States and they said they would not import anymore barley for six months. Well, they had an embroidered it imported any barley ever. So but but they got a very strong message across and and you you when you do something like the Russians did that It was unacceptable. And and and you you do have to do something food embargo was okay for a period of time because it created tremendous dislocation. The trouble was they were able to sort that out after six months Fresh Hayes describe for us what the Soviets are doing with the Germans from a from a distance. It appears that Gorbachev has made a decision. He needs technology. Does he ever he needs infusion of very large infusion of capital recently in from afar? It looks like he's decided he would get it wherever you can find it. We had to take them anywhere, but you're going to concentrate on a new relationship with the Germans. You think that's right or wrong? Oh, well, absolutely. I mean, first of all, he knows Germany has the capital Japan has the capital in the United States doesn't that is that there are Awash with capital to invest and that's where to look for it. Secondly, I probably Whitney's remarks about the period of the early 80s when we started shutting the door. Germany rushed right in I mean they cornered that market very heavily. They poison themselves to be at when the economic doors opened up to be the first in line. But you know, then there's a much larger issue here and Gorbachev is basically concluded that less is more for the Soviet Union in Europe and by that, I mean he realizes that in fact, they had lost their place by a bilateral competition with United States and it's better to back away from that game accept. The reality that Germany is going to be what it must be by historic Destiny the dominant power as you said culturally politically economically and Central and even economically in Eastern Europe and therefore set up nice relations now Court them and accept the reality that the real source of economic Revival is going to have to have some kind of cooperation with Germany and I should add by the way, they've always favored German opinion even Candlelight Brezhnev days always they courted German public opinion and they are perfectly poised now to somehow say we'll get along with Germany. As you know, Russia got along with it for 250 years until 1914 we can get along in the 21st century very well if that turns out to be the case as it is it mr. Jacobson as it now appears, what are the ramifications for us if you have The European industrial capacity and capability led by the Germans hooked to the Soviets natural resources. Does that mean that we are destined to be our second or even Third Rate World economic power? Well, I don't think so. We don't have to be as dominant as we we became accustomed to in the 1950s when the rest of the world was coming out of the ravages of the second world war will never regain that and I think we always have in our our memory that period I think we can prosper Japan has prospered without being a dominant military power. They prospered by by the cooperation between government and business in in targeting export markets. I don't think quite the same scenario will work here. But I think we have a great resource already in Europe many of our companies are very active in Europe and they have the same facilities in the same capabilities as European companies in exploiting the new opportunities which are going to be very slow to develop in Eastern Europe. In other words, we already have a Frontline out there to get this job done and that will bring along more American exports if we do it properly. I would like to add that the Natural Market for Europe is Europe and the Natural Market for the United States United States. The United States has a transportation advantage to the Pacific Rim and I a lot of people say that capital is now going to go to Eastern Europe and Russia and there will be less expansion of Pacific Rim by I don't really see that occurring I think the potential for the United States and that market is much greater than Germany's potential because their transportation disadvantaged question for follow up on that. Mr. McMillan. if and it's a big if granted but if Western Europe led by Germany hook to the Soviets natural resources dominates that market and if the Japanese plus the so-called small Tigers Korea Taiwan Singapore, if somebody else if they dominate the far rim of the Pacific, where does that leave us? Where is our best chance for an overseas Market? Well, I guess it gets back to the the first comment. I made I think that we must think Global. I think we must be in those markets. I agree with Alan most us companies are a part of that European market and and and we have to be there at no one Alan is is going to India in in February. Yeah. There's a 600 million person market and I mean and incredible market and the opportunity is still going by the window every every 10 seconds. I mean like you I have So an optimist and it there is so much to fulfill the 21st century economically because as more and more people come into the to the world economy, it just feels opportunity for everybody. That's there. One reason. I asked that question. There is a school of thought and Jacobson jump in here and for that matter you as well Professor ways that are natural best foreign market place may turn out to be Latin America you agree disagree or think that's too confining. I think it'll be a good Market. It certainly doesn't have the the intensity of economic development that you see in Europe and that you see in Southeast Asia or Japan. Also, it tends to be very isolations that time. There's a great deal of Border closings and that sort of thing sure. It's a good natural market, but I don't think we should turn our back on any Market as you've all said we have to think globally and think about how to compete in those markets and our company. We're in business in 52 countries around the world. We manufacture in 40 of them and yet we still export a great deal for the United States, but you become parts of those economies. You'll learn how to live there and you learn how to compete there including learning how to speak the language. You don't learn 52 languages. We find that the the language of business throughout the world is very much. Shit English. That's what most of our managers both European Japanese Etc speak. And so we have no problem communicating within our company or through our local people with customers. We change the subject for a moment Professor Hayes want to call on your experience in the Soviet Union? What a global chops chances of surviving the next 18 months to two years. What are the chances that he will be the leader of the Soviet Union? Past the year 2000 as many people as recently as a couple of years ago thought he was destined to do first of all grab a trough is actually politically in the strongest position of any leaders install. It just he's put his ducks in a row. Everything is pretty much set short of a social cataclysm. He's definitely in there for the next 18 months. But the real question is not will there be the real danger of the one is assassination, but unfortunately for the Soviet Union that hasn't been a problem for them since 1917. It's been a problem for other countries, not them the real political rival to Gorbachev. The liberal Gorbachev is the conservative Gorbachev. That is the feeling that if things become so intense the February or March which they well could food gets short their February and March. Well Strikers that went off last July could go again. There's rumors of fuel shortages. Then we may see quite a different gorbachov a Gorbachev. That's quite well. Impose a limited martial law and a much tighter system But to answer the other part of your question. No, we won't see Gorbachev in the year 2000. I think he'll keep his promise. That is he indicated that elected officials should have terms in office. He did exclude himself from that but I suspect somewhere around. Oh 1995-1996 Gorbachev. Maybe the first Soviet politician to gracefully retire on his own wish. Let me get personal for a moment. Mr. McMillan when you talk to your children and your grandchildren people you love and care about who are young. What do you want most for them to understand of what will be required for success and a meaningful life in the 21st century? well, I it's that's that's a that's a beautiful question because a lot of the things that you were objecting to in the in the non in the in the school system are things that I would like to make sure they are able to get because I I always used to say to my children. The only thing I could really give them was a good education. So then you start sitting down and asking what a good education is and and in in my case. I was very lucky to to be around as a young person during World War Two I wasn't in the service, but I sat at home and I could identify any little island out there in the Pacific you would like to see so I would encourage them to travel. I would encourage them to go see other cultures. I think you can learn as much outside of school as you can inside school, and I would try very hard to see that they had that experience and that they would want to leave the world a little bit better when they leave it than when they entered shakeups in Europe literally man a man of the world when you talk to you. And grandchildren young people that you love if you like I am your little reluctant to give advice. They don't always want it, but what do you wish for them? What you hope for? Well, I hope and I think they have been led into D developing some deep moral and spiritual values that they personally can believe in and that personally guide them beyond that the knowledge of the World Travel is certainly one thing and education which is comprehensive in in giving them understanding but also teaching them something useful to do with their lives. So they don't come out of school kind of at at loose ends and wonder what do I do now the fish out of place to start especially Hayes were it near the end here you get to bat cleanup. You're someone who deals with students on a day-by-day basis. Do you find yourself saying well if they don't take anything else away from my classes and my teaching I hope they will take this one thing. Well, the one thing is that the other Europe is back again that Europe for 40 years has been tragically divided and as such as never played it's real role either as individual Nations, France Britain or Germany or its whole roll again and frankly in the 21st century. I think we will all As Americans as the Japanese as well will be better served by Europe restoring itself to its creative rule. I will add one last Point long as we're talking about children. I have children and grandchildren and I don't want to trash your profession. I to appear here locally on television once in a while, but if I had a wish it's that in my children will suddenly find a book more interesting and television frankly. I'll tell you something. So do I Delmon we've used up our times Jefferson. Mr. Melon Professor Hayes. Thank you very much. We appreciate your patience in the audience. If you'll indulge me one quick story occurs to me about being competitive in the world market and adjusting to the economic realities and change. That I'm a Texan by birth and by choice and I still get home fairly regularly, and we now have from Houston Air France operates out of Houston now and not too long ago, the leadership of Air France came to visit Houston, so they had a one-week crash course for all these hard-working young Texas men and women who answered the telephone and in effect. They said and you must have done this in any number of foreign countries at Air France. This is the way we do it and we want you to get in the habit of answering the telephone as we do worldwide. So I was quite pleased not too long ago when I was home and I had occasion to call Air France and this lovely voice said bonjour Air, France. Can I help you? Thank you very much and very patiently. Thanks a lot.