Who controls the media the future broadcasting while we got we have to figure out a little bit about the past in order to understand the future and we find that since those wonderful days at the FCC that might describe what we mean by the media has changed quite a bit. So we will let capsule8 that 50000 years of human history in the next 40 seconds with these observations, which you may have heard many times before but or none the less I worth reviewing I think. That for most of our years on Earth as a human species. We were foragers we went around looking for our food and moving around as it did took us a long time. I mean like 50,000 years to figure out that it is easier to grow your food into chasing. That was that was an incredible understanding they came to us like a flash there after 50,000 years of running around and picking berries and Chase and animals and stuff. And you can imagine I think those of you who have undergone the changes student of having lived at home and then going to high school and so forth and then you leave that and you come into this college environment. You understand what that change has been like in your life and how things are different for you imagine the difference that it would be for you if you'd been part of a foraging family and suddenly you became an agricultural family and you had to learn about plowing in about hybrids in about all the stuff. You have to know to be an agriculture degree. And we tried that for a long time and then a couple hundred years ago. Got the idea that we could have factories and machines. And so and we entered into what was called the Industrial Age. What we mean is Andy agricultural age about 95% of our people are working on the farms. That's what everybody did the Industrial Age they moved into the cities. And if the change from being a forager to being a farmer was a big one it was as nothing compared to the change of going from an agricultural life, which at least was outdoors and related to the soil in nature going from that to an industrial life where you worked inside a factory all day and you lived in crowded slum in the in the large Urban centers tremendous upheaval in change for us as a human species. And now in the last few years we've gone from and Industrial Age into an information-age and a part of what we want to do this evening. What you doing with this program is trying to grasp inside our heads what that means and that's why I draw these analogies for you the changes as radical as difficult to perceive as it would have been for someone who did a forager to suddenly become a farmer or someone who was a farmer to become an industrial worker in an urban dweller. These are tremendous changes in our lives in virtually. Nobody understands what's going on. I mean, I don't either but I'm just going to share with you what I tried to figure out about it, but that's what the challenge of the life ahead of you is about at this point one half of our gross national product. Is involved in Information Age activities one half of our Workforce. McQueen no longer are an agricultural people. We no longer are in industrial people. We don't do that anymore. What we do is we deal in information and we're trying to figure out what that means. now What are the things that means is that you have to grasp just in order to function not to mention Prosper what these Technologies are and what the implications are for you and I will now go back a hundred fifty years in time to pick a young person your age who had some grasp of the communications of his time. He worked in a steam boiler room. You can raise your hands as you guess who this is. Okay, and we'll see how many hands are up by the time being he was working in a steam boiler room back in the 1830s and 1840s roundabout there that time. And it was hot and it was scarcely indoor work with no heavy lifting is Bob Dole once described the vice presidency was trying to figure out a way how to get out of this steam boiler room when he heard about something called the telegraph company anyone applied for job and he got it. And he's kind of figured out what this Morse code key was about in this new language. He had to learn in order to communicate over the telegraph the Healer and something else from that. He learned the wisdom Telegraph system. The telegraph company could run the telegraph company over a span of distance that no other company had tried operate before they could could they had connected Telegraph offices across the country and he began to see what this could mean and went to work for the railroad. And as a teenager was with his little key avoiding railroad collisions moving trains around and got a tremendous sense of power span of control and began Thinking Beyond that maybe somebody could operate a factory that is bigger than what one Factory manager can see and walk around in maybe you could have multiple factories big Industries before and he was able to think of that because he understood the communications of his time and as he traveled around the world, he used international cables to keep in touch with a home office. He was the only kid in the neighborhood doing this, you know, I mean when he was China, he was constantly communicating back home. By the turn of the century no hands up yet by the turn of the century. He was proclaimed the richest man in the world. Hey buddy yet. Yeah, his name was Andrew Carnegie. The interesting thing about him aside from the fact that he had to spend the rest of his life figuring out how you get rid of five hundred million dollars and Annie build a lot of libraries including one in my hometown of Iowa City. Instead he was not the only Telegraph operator. Sears who had the idea for a catalog sales? store nobody thought of that before Had the vision to see what Communications could do in creating a new business in Sears. Roebuck was born. and David Sarnoff young Telegraph operator happened to be on the key when the Titanic went down and out of that came his conception of a broadcasting industry. And what you could do in terms of using a Communications device the disadvantage of which was that everybody could listen in to private Communications and turn that into an advantage by communicating something you want everybody to hear and you call it radio. And that industry got on its way and they're many people came out now with my point of that is not that you should know how to operate the telegraph. Although is an amateur radio operator on prepared to sign up and if you would like to take the novice exam the point is that you need to understand the communications of your time. In order to see what the opportunities are the challenges the roadblocks what you can piece together bear in mind Andrew Carnegie did not invent the telegraph. He just saw it sitting there and figured out ways to use it. And that's what a lot of our modern-day folks have done. Today increasingly Communications is more than just a way of doing business. It becomes the business. the banking business today The banking business to if you're in the banking business you're in the business of information about money. You're in the information business. Incidentally what the information is about involves what we used to call money, but the business you're in is the information business what an airline sells anymore is not just seats on a plane. It sells you information about those seats on the plane and it may also sell you a Mileage Plus program and all kinds of days that they're keeping an eye on you. A supplier of goods like a Levi's for example has a point-of-sale system. Where is soon as a sweater is sold in a store that information is immediately communicated by a satellite back to Levi headquarters. And by that afternoon can be into a factory where more sweaters of that turns out to be very popular color are being manufactured and shipped overnight back to that store. So they never on a stock. Yeah, that gives you a kind of marketing advantage that you simply don't have if it never occurred to you to think either that communication satellite up there. Maybe there's some way I can use that in my business. A big part of our inability to compete with the Japanese is the fact that we don't manage information about inventory very well. So we end up paying for 30 days Supply a parts and they pay for a day-and-a-half supply parts and they save millions of dollars as a result of that that's information about Manufacturing. There's a lot of new businesses today that represent this kind of foresight the cable industry as an industry really had nothing to sell up until about 10 years ago. Hey, I imagine you're so how many are you done? Door-to-door sales? I mean everybody selling door-to-door. Yeah. Okay. Well imagine going up somebody do you knock on the door? And you know, I like to talk to you about cable television. What what's that? Well, I can bring you these broadcasting signals. You can watch on your television set was yeah, I do that already with the rabbit ears. You know, what station is you bring me? Will ABC and CBS and NBC will I get those already well, but see if you get them for me to hear you be able to pay $10 a month to get these signals and I think it's very hard sell. Let me tell you. so what HBO did invent anything ever movies existed before communication satellites existed before cable television systems existed before but they thought of was you two could link all that together and you could distribute movies that way to local Cable Systems that would then have something to sell and it was from that point on that this multibillion-dollar industry was created because some modern-day Andrew Carnegie saw that connection and began thinking about the way that could be used MCI mail is an electronic Mail system. You can from your computer in your dorm room and a modem and a telephone send a mail a message electronically to New York where it will be automatically print it out on your letterhead over your signature put in an envelope dropped at the post office in and deliver the next day's mail. No new invention there were computers before they were telephone lines before there were printers before there was the post office before they just figured out how to link all that together. And another new you know, most of billion dollar industry was created cellular telephones. Something ham radio operators have had for years. The only difference is our equipment cost $300 that commercial equipment cost $3,000. We get 800 channels they get 12 channel. But basically it's the same equipment in the same principle and somebody figured out. Hey, we can divide up the city into little cells and prevent people can make telephone calls from their home in from their briefcases and whatever again using your head to figure out how you can use. What's what's out there satellite paging. It's now possible to carry a pager where you can be paged anywhere in North America with a signal from a satellite again. No new invention. They were pagers before there were local transmitter receivers before they were communication satellites before somebody simply put all that together. Well, I can go on and on all of these examples and some of you I can tell think I already have but the point is that these are some of the kinds of changes that are coming about a Mike mentioned something about what I've done but let me review it in terms of its implications for the information Age and and the new technologies and just as one person's case study of what you can do with this stuff. I came back home to Iowa City in 1980 as a result of having been appointed by President Carter as a presidential advisor for something called the White House conference in library and Information Services AMC Information Services part that kind of captured my attention because up until then I still been trying to reform old conventional television show me some luck with it and also a lot of frustration and it was sort of a Rip Van Winkle experience in 1979 to look around and see what information Electronic Services were out there because this was stuff. I've been writing about in the 1960s and being ridiculed for because it was just pie in the sky and it was never going to happen. And so I didn't pay much attention to it and in 79 turned around and discovered all the stuff that I've been dreaming about was now available at Radio Shack for 3995 and it was just a wonderful experience and I've been focusing on the new technology ever since but one of the thing What we did because we had to put together the largest White House conference in history in the shortest timeframe in history. And we discovered in order to get the presidential advisors together. Not the White House conference just the presidential advisors for meeting to plan. The carpet was going to cost us about $35,000 a crack every time we met and furthermore people at schedules that made it impossible to find a day when everybody could get there. So what we did was carry with us portable computers and that was how we put the thing together you'd send a message from somebody you thought was in New York was in fact in Chicago and they went into the red carpet lounge and connected their computer to the phone plugged it in contacted the computer. We were sharing in Newark got the message from you thinking you were in Washington only that day you were in St. Louis where you sign on and get their answer when they send it in from Chicago before they fly off to Los Angeles and Carry On and On going come. Vacation with people 24 hours a day and avoid the old telephone tag problem is, you know, we could try to reach people by phone. It's something like 83% of the time it's a it's a failure is a Communications medium. The person's not there the phone rings. Nobody answers you get a busy signal to get an answering machine to get a secretary tells you they're in a meeting you're not communicating with people and so the computer was a way to avoid that. You know, I know I want you can do with that. From Iowa City, Iowa, which is somewhat bigger than Northfield, but not a lot. It's a relatively small Midwestern Community by the standards of our larger Urban centers. I hosted this network television show on PBS PBS is operating out of Washington DC. I never went to Washington DC and all the time I was doing that network television show radio commentaries for national public radio stations, we up link via satellite from Iowa from Iowa up to the satellite and down to the the station's never had to leave town for that with NPR in Washington. I wrote a nationally syndicated column for King features Syndicate in New York City ship them the column from my home computer to their office computer. Never needed to go to New York to see them. I've been teaching for an institution in California La Jolla California called the Western Behavioral Sciences institution that provides training programs for corporate CEOs in upper level management people. The institution is in La Jolla, California the computer we use as in Newark, New Jersey. I am in Iowa City, Iowa accept this summer when I was teaching hours in Geneva Switzerland for a week, and the students are in Saudi Arabia and Sweden and South America North America, Japan and we communicate by this communication system that can be done from Northfield or Iowa City, you know, you can do it from anywhere. We put on a a video art there is a new kind of subdivision of of art is video. All right, and we put on a nationwide presentation of a video conference linking the three major art centers in America as we perceive them which are New York Los Angeles in Iowa City and call you something like a four satellites and he's up link stations and put it out to 1400 Cable Systems across the United States that was done from Iowa City. I taught a legal education course continuing legal education with a program that came in via satellite and we received in it in addition show to the class that I was teaching and one of the greatest impacts in an example the way in which these media are overlapping with each other is the delivery of newspapers these days when I was a kid growing up in Iowa City Abraham Lincoln was President. We have one newspaper. You were supposed to laugh at that. We had one newspaper Iowa City press-citizen today you go downtown. I will be there a whole roll of newspaper boxes. You think you're on Sunset Strip in Los Angeles, except we don't have all those papers, but we do have We do have the I get the New York Times in Iowa City earlier than I used to get it in Washington DC. We have satellite delivery of the New York Times The Wall Street Journal the Christian Science monitor USA Today coming in a little hole. I was City Iowa same day delivery those papers that's extraordinary thing compared to what we had before and of course with the with a ham radio. It's possible to communicate with people all around the world incidentally in illustration of a proposition. I'm going to give you a little later on radio amateurs have their own communication satellite instead of paying a hundred million dollars for the satellite. We pay 10,000 and instead of paying 20 million to launch it. We pay $20,000 but aside from that it's the same thing and we can send computer files up to Satellite with the satellite hold carries them until they're over the country the person you want to communicate with and then it downloads Those computer files into that country obviously for free, right? I mean to our own satellite, but you get your own satellite, you can do it whatever you want. And that's what we choose to do with ours. I've also made an effort to see to it that we have in Iowa City it with a local free phone call access to the two major interstate highways of computer traffic Interstate 80 goes to Iowa City. Some people say the best thing to come out of I was I-35 but that is not true. We say I was warmer than Minnesota and more fun than the Braska so there. But we we do have access and I was sitting out of these two interstate highways of computer traffic called time yet and telling it which means that for a no-cost local phone call. You are instantaneously in contact with any computer in the world, which ain't bad for a little town. We also have by way of C-SPAN and CNN on our local cable system access to I have a sense that I know of me. I just spent last week in Washington. I have a sense that I know more about what's going on in Washington when I mean Iowa City watching it on C-Span and when I'm in Washington parking to people because then I'm not monitoring the meetings that I can monitor if I'm at home and watching it on C-Span. Okay, so the bottom line on all this is the one of the things the information age enables you to do is to make geography irrelevant, which incidentally has something to do with economic development for a state like Minnesota. We were discussing it dinner the fact that when you make an 800 number call the odds are very good that the operator you talk to is in, Omaha, Nebraska. That operator could be in Northfield Minnesota operator could be anywhere. It doesn't make any difference but it makes enormous economic difference. There are typos in Korea typing a briefs for New York City law firms with your ship back to them by a satellite. In an age in which geography is irrelevant what you can do with economic development just boggles the imagination but it requires some of that Nation. It requires Andrew Carnegie's imagination. It requires the imagination that creates an HBO or a Ted Turner's wtbs out of Atlanta or the creates a cellular telephone system or a national satellite paging service or whatever requires that kind of imagination, but that's really all it requires because of technology is all there and ask these ee Engineers will tell you If we don't have it on the Shelf will invent it for you in 18 months. I mean anything you want you want to have a watch that talks to you in Spanish. You can watch it talk to you in Spanish. You want one? I mean, that's the question today C. That's the question when you when you look in The Sharper Image catalog or whatever. And for a while I said, I had one of everything I can no longer claim that I have one of everything is just too many things any more electronic stuff. But there's a there's a lot of options out there. now Let me see something about. I'm skipping around as you can tell we've we've just done a half a semester and we're going now for the beginning of the spring semester. Communication the kinds of issues the communications has an impact of what communication policy has an impact upon. I want to talk later about First Amendment and some of the philosophical orientation we can bring you some of this confusion but one of the points to make right now is simply that the way in which the mass media system work is integral to our capacity to engage and self-governing which is much of what you been focusing on in terms of the relationship between politics in the media and who controls whom and how much do we really get out of something like the debate on the folks are rehearse the head of time to read off a little lines and so forth. Communications Electronics technology are the bulk of the defense department budget and he basically what we're shooting at each other in these missiles are computers. I mean, that's what's up front there, you know, so interesting if you didn't catch it on on the Discovery, it turns out that there that the computers on but they took a laptop on board. The laptop has on it more computing power that all the computers on the Discovery. They're running the satellite with Commodore 64 s from the from 1970s proven technology. What's the biggest chunk of what the defense department budget is about? So if you care about defense spending you got to care about a Communications issues. It's Central to our ability to engage in international trade and commerce in a positive impact on her balance of payments and international relation. It's much of what education is about involves. Are we going to continue to need buildings and walls and stuff like that to do education when geography becomes irrelevant? You may want to come to Northfield and that's fine and you want to have the option to do that, but you don't need to because there's no other way to get the are you crying or laughing? I think this is a lovely town. I really do. I may just walking around and breathe in the air reminded me of the sign in the New York City subway, you know clean air smells funny. I just think it's terrific here. So I think you want to be able to come here if you want to but you don't have to if there's a university on a Fort Collins Colorado that does it all by a satellite in video John Glenn delivered their commencement address by video to their students who received it at by video and we have our our computer conferencing teaching through the Western Behavioral Sciences Institute, La Jolla. So for search tremendous implications for education for Rural America communication is a tree Offer Transportation. What does that mean in terms of the services that we can bring to to Rural America, which is important to all of us here and alternative transportation Healthcare delivery when you can transmit buy a satellite EKGs from a Eskimo on Alaska to a doctor in Toronto what that means in terms of of World Health high tech crime, you know, the average bank robber with a gun comes out with $10,000 the average embezzler and that's the best way to go work for the bank and then robbed the bank gets $100,000 but the average Computer Fraud which is something you can do from home. Pools in a million dollars, right? I mean that's where the money is today is in high-tech crime and it and it's you know that you can sit around in your in your robe and slippers and a major issue we have to address is what I called the disparity between information poor and information rich and I'm going to talk a little bit more about that this evening. Well, one of the things that's confusing to us these days isn't these old categories don't work anymore. We're used to thinking about newspapers and radio and television stations in computers will now IBM is in the telephone business. AT&T is selling computers. The FM radio station will sell you a subcarrier service that puts the stock exchange prices on your home television screen the newspaper that you read in the morning comes to you via the same satellite that brought you the network news the evening before One basic principle is you can move any kind of information on any kind of medium and it all looks the same. The optic fiber which is the size of a human hair and can carry 50000 telephone messages simultaneously into your home can just as easily along with the voice message be carrying a facsimile transmission of a of a page be carrying a computer of file a still photograph a video picture music cable television all coming on. That's what business is the telephone company in when they're bringing you your cable television pictures. You know what business is the satellite in when it's bringing you your morning newspaper. I mean suddenly things are are kind of up in the air in a little a little confusing for us. Another thing that's going on. Is what I called the 99.9% off sale. Now we're used to sales after Christmas and January white sales and stuff things be 20% off maybe even 50% off your lucky and they were really overpriced in the first place. But that's about it. Now what we're dealing with in electronics. When I was an FCC commissioner. We had one communication satellite in three digit. That was it where what write the dishes sold for 3 million dollars a piece. Well, if that price I wasn't a big demand for him actually. That's why there were only three of them but then the price dropped to $300,000 and suddenly it became something to telephone companies might be interested in buying then I remember the year Neiman Marcus Christmas catalog had his and her satellite dishes for $30,000 a piece and I bear in mind we've now dropped the price from 3 million to 300000 to 30,000 a 99% off sale. Pray, we dropped the price from 3 million to 30000. Well, 30,000 is still a little much. Even if the Neiman Marcus clientele think that's a just a whale of a Christmas present to put under the tree. What now what happens when we go to the 99.9% off sale that dishes now sold for $3,000 and $3,000 it no longer looks like buying a steel mill and putting it in your backyard. It looks like not an industrial item but something that a homeowner might buy out Andrew Minnesota and put in to receive programming off of a satellite originally designed for a technology. That would only be afforded by cable companies within very few years drops another order of magnitude in price and becomes a technology that homeowners can buy and pick up this programming intended for cable companies which then led to the scrambling and so forth. All right, the 99.9% off sale. video recorders for $200,000 and worth it Bing Crosby didn't want to have to do is show twice and so he invented videotape because he was lazy like play golf today. Who else and they then dropped in price to $20,000 90% off sale $2,000 and we have these big Sony decks with the 3/4 inch tape and so forth. There were quite a lot put into homes and they dropped again the 99.9% off sale and you can get a VCR for two hundred bucks and they are now in as many homes as he has cable television 50% of American homes now have VCR. That's the difference between a 50% off sale in a 99.9% off sale. Computers the same story 3300030 thousand 3300 and that case I mean they tell the story if we had the same progress with the automobile. We've had with a computer you could I buy a Rolls-Royce that would get a A50 what would get a million miles to the gallon be capable of powering the Queen Mary and cost $2 in 1/4. I mean just to give you since start thinking about this now imagine if instead of a Rolls-Royce cost in $100,000. It only cost $100. Hell I'm going to keep one at the airport. You know, it just be giving me when I fly into La I'd have my rules out there waiting for him a hundred bucks less when I pay for real car, you know, this is all around just kind of waiting for you when it was convenient and you'd have less invested in it than you do now and you're I won't be able see that's the kind of thinking you have to be able to do that at one point. When I was in Washington. I was dating a woman in Hollywood and we were on the phone lot everyday and I ran a check of all the alternative ways that we can set up our Communications Channel and what it would cost us to do, you know, if you direct dial it if you if I had a foreign exchange line from Los Angeles run to Washington, so it'd be a local call, but I'd have to pay for the foreign exchange Lionel. It's even in my imagination. I had difficulty figuring out whether I should check out the price of a satellite transponder. I said, well what the hell you just playing all these numbers and it was not that much more. Maybe something you would never think about leasing a transponder to talk to your girlfriend, you know, but what I'm saying is when you're dealing with a 99.9% off sale, you got to constantly be shopping for prices. And it's true for what a university or college buys for for its facilities and it's true for what you do in your day today live. This little watch has which says that it's about time for me to stop has in it, you know about as much computational power is the is the first desktop computer. I bought it all phone numbers on my appointment sold me a world time all this stuff in this in this little one, and now that I think's on sale for like $29 or something. So we got to get used to that too. Well my goodness. I have another whole semester here yet to deal with let me just sum it up with this out of this confusion. Oh gee, whiz another whole thing. I wanted to do. Well may hopefully I'll get a question. One one of the ways in which were confused as we don't know how it we don't know how to deal 99.9% off. So we also don't know how that we're do we start with the public policy questions because what we're getting now is not courts balancing estate interest in doing something that's going to infringe on your first amendment right against your First Amendment right in deciding which is going to be dominated what you got now or quartz trying to decide between two people both of whom are arguing their first amendment rights. Get in Monopoly newspaper in a community. You want to go in and buy space in that paper? And the paper doesn't want to sell you the space you say that paper is a monopoly instrument. It's a conduit of communications Community. It's important to space be available to anybody wants to buy space to say what they want to say. I have a First Amendment right to buy space in your paper and and to not be censured by you out of the page of your paper when I'm willing to pay for it newspaper editor owner says hey my paper and and I normally get to choose what goes in it. I get to choose what stays out of it. You're going to stay out and that's my First Amendment right to censor you. All right now chords got your side. So who's First Amendment right is going to Prevail in that circumstance cable television operators. Have 50 a hundred channels of communication coming into home and you, you want Lisa Channel, what you going to say? And you know, this is our cable system are all these channels that are all mine. And I'm going to control everything that's said in this community and you don't have it at a First Amendment right to communicate with people my community and you're keeping me off of the system as well. I got a First Amendment right to control the system. And if you want to go set up you're competing I cable system. We got all kinds of questions like that coming up. What are the major databases is Lockheed dialogue which has what Carl Sagan would called billions and billions of citations to magazine articles in German. And the subscribers to Lockheed dialogue. I mean you could call up on your modem again. It's like this thing. I'd describe the subscribers The corporates if we don't want you to supply the service to trade unions the labor unions libraries, we want you to, you know, not salt in them to their right to do that or not. How are you going to address these questions? Well, what I'm proposing is a way of thinking about these question is to start with not just the language of the First Amendment which doesn't really help us all that much Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech. What the hell is that mean? But trying to evaluate what were the purposes of the First Amendment? What are we trying to accomplish with it? How is life different because of it? How would we know whether we were living in a society that had the first amendment what's a really all about and as you explore what the drafters of it said and what commentators since have said essentially these arguments come out one of the things we're trying to promote wizard of self-governance. This is really a crazy idea that people can govern themselves and it is being Illustrated for us on television the season but none the less we try but the point is if that's going to have a prayer of succeeding. People have to be able to get the information that they need. And that is one of the rationales why you want to have a free flow of information. Another is self-expression. The notion is part of what you're going through. Your college experience is learning to formulate a thought of your own to express it verbally to write it that's a part of growth of self-fulfillment of self-confidence of discovering who you are as an individual. That's a basic Liberty. And that's part of what the first amendment is designed to encourage give you an opportunity for self-expression. 1/3 thing is search for truth Marketplace of ideas a definition at least of political truth is that which emerges from and Open Marketplace of ideas and exchange of opinion? So I had something else we're trying to do a fourth thing is called safety valve the fact that if you track down a lot of the terrorism and hostage-taking and and so forth in the world today you find what's a take the the the the revolution in the in the Philippines when it Aquino took over think about what were those people going after did they go after the farmland? the banks the factories all the fighting was around the television Tower trying to determine who's going to take over the television station. That's what the power is about. What when hostages are taking that is one what part of what they are Iranian debacle was I mean the last one when the Carter Administration was about was a feeling on the part of the Iranian people with the American people had never really been told the outraged at the Iranian people felt about the United States support of the Shah. They wanted to be heard we want you Americans to know what it feels like to have American money coming into our country to suppress us through this to Talla Terry and ruler and you won't listen. Well, maybe if we take some hostages will get some time on your evening news and a little bit of what we're protesting about will get through to you. All right. That's what I mean by safety valve Doctor Martin Luther King been denied access to radio and television we have had to write are most persuasive essay with the blunt pen of marching ranks. So a fourth thing we try to accomplish with the first amendment is to provide this safety valve function to give people an option and alternative to throwing a brick through window. It finally is the checking value the ability of the media as an institution of all of us as individuals with an opportunity for expression to check abuses in government in corporations in trade unions in universities in hospital, whatever and that's another function operator wants to do and you can ask yourself which policy will better serve the purposes of the First Amendment to let the cable operator sensor all 108 channels or to require the cable operator to set aside some of those channels for people to come on Inn Express themselves, which will better serve the end of self-governing. Which will better serve the end of self-expression which will better serve the end of the safety valve which will better serve the end of the checking value and you can apply that in all these areas as these as these issues come up. Well, I won't dwell on and give you really the best part of the speech because I have run out of time but we do have time for questions. Is that right? Okay, we satiated all curiosity. Yes. Oh, I think there's a lot of bad points do it. Yes. The question is that I said that with the new technology you no longer needs schools. Do I think that's a good thing. I talked about the advantages of technology. Is there a downside to it? Number one. Let me say that the that the tendency is not for anything to be replaced. I mean if cable television is already obsolete because the telephone company can provide a cable television service better and cheaper than cable. Television companies can does not mean the cable television companies are going to go out of business anymore. Then it meant when cable television came along over the air television stations were obsolete it over the air television stations are going to go out business. They're still there. So no, I don't I do think that what's already happened though. Is that what you know, when I was a kid basically universities provided post-high school education, and that was it today. Not only is that being provided by an enormous number junior colleges, which really weren't in place at that point. But most education today is being provided by Fortune 500 corporations to their employees being provide. By the military and be in providing that whole plethora of ways throughout our society other than formal educational institutions. So a lot of this is already going on and will continue to and I think certainly a quality College like this one is going to be around, you know, as far as I can see into the future, but the fact that it gives you options it seems to me is desirable in the same way that I I think of telephone technology like, you know, a rheostat is some people have the dining room and turn the lights up and down at buy buy degree instead of just don't you can have as much telephone or as little telephone in your life as you want. Now if you want to carry a two-way telephone with you at all times, you can carry it to a telephone with you at all times if you don't want to carry the telephone, but you want to have a pager so people can reach you and Carrie pager if you don't want to do that, but you want to have an answering machine on your phone, which you can call remotely an access and get your messages as I did from here to You can do that if you don't want to do that, but you just want to be called when you're at home. You can do that. If you don't want to do that, you can fill out the phone and I have any phone at all people have come knock on your door or whatever. That does. Not mean everybody ought to carry a cellular telephone with him. It does mean everybody has more options than they had before and I think that's desirable a downside on technology. Yeah, all kinds of downsides privacy issues one one enormous side of it the the kind of records that are now maintained on everybody sitting in this Auditorium with pull you over if you could see him, I mean it's it's been described is just like a spiderweb it mean if you could see all the lines that run from you in the various computer databases. He'll be like this gigantic spider web of a tracking And we have mixed mind about that. I addressed a conference of people were supposed to be experts on privacy. And I said how many of you have credit cards or hands? What up? I said there's a bother you at all that there is a record somewhere of every town you've been in what day you were there? What stores you went into how much you paid what you purchased and that's being maintained on you that you'll be really convenient. So by and large we stand in line to request that people invade our privacy. We we want a checking account. We want a checking account. So it'll be a record kept by the bank of every purchase we make in the at which the FBI can get access to in the bank didn't have to let us know it we want to get a credit card cuz that's as Market prestige in our society where we want to be able to make long-distance. Will we see any wind in Chris's prestigious but less privacy, we have them more prestigious we are but I'm not sure if people always recognize the down side or prepared to do anything to stop it. We also have we been talking today about things we can do by a computer from Northfield and Carlton and one of them is a computer network called bitnet which enables you from here to interact with any academic computer around the world certainly throughout the United States, and I asked one of your Factory price of a new what it stood for and the bit in bitten it stands for because it's their right. There's an awful lot of technology that we do simply because it's there we can do it. Yeah, we can put these astronauts and I mean I put in for that astronaut that journalist in Space Program had to be really cool to fly in that day but fast before a blowout My mother didn't think it was such a good idea after that. Let me tell you. But you realize there is no need for a human on board that thing. I mean there is nothing we can do with that virtually. It will fly by itself. They're not doing anything on board screwed up if they try and it's got to be it's going to be run by it's a it's a the whole NASA program is run by computers not by human being and and the same thing goes for a weaponry. And so I mean if you want to do stuff in space you do with machines. You don't send people are too slow up the machines, but you know, because it's there we go out and do it because we can go to the Moon we send somebody to Moon. All right. Now we've done that now, what are we going to do? Next? What we going to do on the moon right going to plant a flag leave some pollution in and trash and and come back home. I mean, we don't even treated with the Dignity of a national park because it's there. So we end up spending a lot of money on technology that doesn't necessarily serve a particular purpose in me handsome really devastating impact one of them. The highest price we pay for our defense technology for example is not the fact that it's bankrupt. He is not the fact that it's we're talkin trillions downstairs billions Beverage Center Everett Dirksen you once said that a billion here in a billionaire and pretty soon you're talking about a lot of money. Well, let me tell you we're not talking about a lot of money, but the biggest cost is that you can't have Engineers simultaneously working on weapons and working on consumer electronic Jesse Jackson. Did this routine with a l i didn't you say, you know, how many of you have a vcr and I'll hand to go up and how many of you have an MX missile? No hands go up to see if that's a problem because we want to make things. Nobody wants to buy your take your Your engineering and scientific talent and you put it into making things, which if you're lucky will never be used which are obsolete when they're built which may be defective which are really overpriced and are the economic equivalent to manufacturing grand pianos and dumping them in the Pacific Ocean which in the case of the Triton submarine is exactly what we do with it. And we do it because we can all though in the case of the VIN since it turned out we couldn't. Yeah, so we have those problems to yes, sir. Oh, yes. I never got back to that. Did I? Yeah, I know. I'll be happy to comment on that when I was a kid that you know, the poorest kid in in Harlem could walk into the New York City public library and examined $7,000 worth of books during the course of a Saturday afternoon and not have to pay a penny to do it. Now increasingly as information is an electronic database form. I mean, I don't believe in paying a penny to do it either but that's because I'm able to ring a one way or another I don't have to pay for it. But when I use something like Lexus which gives me full text to access to millions of legal documents. I mean not just a citation but the full text of the Court opinion FCC opinion, whatever that's a service if I was paying for it would be costing me about $175 an hour. Now the question is if you don't happen to be a corporate CEO of government official University Professor where the kid of 1 How do you get access to those expensive modern ways of storing information? Because the Librarians want to make their services available for free and they cannot turn over to the the ghetto kid a database. It's going to run up a bill of $150 an hour while the kids sit there and plays with it. What the rich kid on the other side of town can sit there for $150 an hour and play with it? And so what happens in an Information Age? When that's what you need to know is what you know, and how do you know how to get access to information and so forth. That's the one skill you be you need to get out of school is how do you get information? How can you get it as fast as possible? I recently ran my law students through thing. There's a simple research. I said, I don't want the answer. I don't know the steps you went through and I don't know how long it took you cuz you're going to be billing somebody $150 an hour for your time. And so it makes a difference whether it took you 10 minutes or an hour and a half and you better start paying attention to that. But but we've always had to pry 30% of the American people are functionally illiterate. They can't read a bus schedule to can't fill out income to unemployment application or something. So you got that Gap to begin with but now it's just getting worse as you need this technology in order to get access to information. You need to know how to work these days so that we're getting a greater and greater gap between what the really well-informed information manipulators know how to do and what the rest of the population knows how to do and we pay all kinds of prices for it not the least of which is it was one of the Japanese manufacturers came over here and put in a plant and discovered that what they can take high school graduates in Japan and put them on the line and they can operate this equipment. They know enough Math and Science and stuff to do it in the United States. They have to get college graduates and half of them don't know how to operate Well, you know you pay a price for that and international competitiveness and trade in the in our own the GNP and economic growth and and job opportunity for people and so forth. Get me how much you bringing. One of the things is it in the same way. She was Jefferson figured out is in an order to make this self-governing thing work you needed three things. You needed people to be educated so that they would have the capacity to deal with information. You needed public libraries so that they could get the information they needed to process and then you needed the First Amendment so that they could then talk amongst themselves about what they figured out. And in fact, if you've been to Monticello, you know, the things that he chose to have himself remembered for on his tomb. We're not that he was President knighted states, but then he founded the University of Virginia and the by way of a footnote created the Library of Congress don't we make this commitment to public education in the United States and you pay for it with property taxes because everybody benefits by having a clerk in the store who can make change even though your kids not going to school and we make a National Park public policy decision that we want to bring everybody up to this level of Education in Oregon and seems to me that's what it requires in this area as well. You make it you making it and we do it in the name of the fence. I mean if you if you'll simply Knowledge that ours is a military state mean that's what we spend most of our money on. That's what we care most about. That's where we employ our most talented people is is developing skills and ways of killing people. I mean, that's what we're about this coming now, if you approach it that way and instead of fighting that you accept it, then you think of things like we did during Sputnik well or even the interstate system you realize interstate highways you drive on were built as a part of the defense Highway Act defense highways so we can drive our military equipment on them in time of War. So I was a defense program and then we had the Russians launched Sputnik and where the Defense Education Act Cuz we had to educate our people so we can compete with the Soviets. So my proposal is that we have the defense day care center at the defense Dental Care at UFC. Cuz if we're going to be a really lean mean killing machine in this country, which were determined to be under our current leadership. It seems to me every American has to be brought up to a level where they can read these weapons manuals and be in good health and well-educated say so that's my Approach. So you make a national commitment then we're simply going to go for it. We're going to bring all our people up one more level from where they are now and that means basically I think what you need to know about computers is you need to know thoroughly at one of the more sophisticated word processing systems. We're perfect 5.0 Microsoft Word for something like that. But I mean really not not just know 2% of it which is what most of the people know who use it but no like 80% of what you can do it, no database program spreadsheet program and no Communications program how to use a modem. I'll just see to it that everybody learns how to do that and you can do that that mean the same way everybody learns a multiplication table. Maybe I don't do that anymore pocket calculator decide you're going to do that you do it. Thank you very much regret group.