(00:00:00) I want to talk about three things this morning first briefly what Pacific news service is? Second the picture we've evolved of the world of the 80s and third the challenge. I think this poses for the media first P&S. Basically over the last 13 years. We have evolved a particular approach that is best encapsulated by the word anthropological. We're a network of writers with special language skills personal experience familiarity with the culture history sensitivities of a very diverse range of people's not just in the United States, but all over the world and where we sense significant Trends and breaking news events emerging rather than going up to the centers of power. We tend to go down to the social Fabrics to get a sense of the human Landscapes of all involved. We have in a sense what I've come to see as a chicken's I view of the world it comes from putting the lens right at the ground level and sort of seeing what's going on. Around you as if you were packing along that dirt road looking for seeds. It's two feet. Its reality two feet off the ground and this is in very sharp contrast to the traditional method of the media which still by and large defines news as that which happens by four and through Elites at the top basically looking from the top down or from the power centers outward for its sense of explanations of both emerging Trends and breaking events. And I think of two illustrations right away one foreign and very Vivid still in my mind and that was the death of Anwar Sadat where you had media from all over the world pouring into Cairo to attend the funeral along with the dignitaries. Of all of the major political centers of the world and the political Elites of Egypt and of course the reality of where the Egyptian people were at that time took some time took at least a week for the press to realize that for the Egyptian people themselves. There was very little of the emotional reaction that you saw on the faces of the world's Elites somehow there was a sense of the Egyptian people moving in a different direction. They were certainly not at the funeral. They were moving somewhere else very very distinct from the news that was being reported by the press that was covering the funeral itself more immediately. I think of the religious revival in the United States that began to be covered by the media in the early 1980s and the tenancy once again, Of the press to try and explain this phenomenon by interviewing those they regarded as the leaders the people at the top most of whom had their own political agendas so that the overriding analysis presented for example by John herbers in his Series in the New York Times in 1981 was of this phenomenon of Born Again Christians as a right-wing monolith, and I remember it was only three or four weeks later that George Gallup release the findings of his own poll, which had really gone down to the roots of what he described as 52 million Americans who had gone through a religious conversion. And found that over half of them were Pro Jimmy Carter divided on the issue of of abortion and in favor of some sort of arms Accord in other words, you had a much greater diversity in that population. Then the New York Times coverage LED you to believe by simply interviewing six or seven liters at the top a little bit about the history of pns how we arrived at this anthropological or chickens. I view of the world we started during the turbulent period of Vietnam basically a group of American Scholars and writers with special expertise on Indochina and East Asia who wanted to research independent of government or academic funding on the real. Fact of the u.s. Rule in Indochina three months after they started this institute. They began Pacific new service as a way of disseminating their findings to average American newspaper readers and the distinguishing characteristics. I think of the new service from that very moment that it started in 1970 until today have been first this mesh of Scholars writers people with unique experience and expertise who represented an independent source of knowledge not dependent on the government or official sources, but dependent on their own personal experience and expertise who wanted to reach the people who read the New York daily news and that it's basically that effort to get Innovative thinking too broad. Actors have Daily Newspaper readers that has been the inspiration now in 1974 as the war was phasing down and the major media had begun to really report on the realities of the impact of the role of the United States in Vietnam. We really shifted our Focus away from East Asia and our primary area of concern became the United States and we had a distinct Advantage. This was really when I came in to Pacific new service, but I also came from a background in East Asia and the advantage we had was that we were in a way strangers coming home again rediscovering our own country and we saw profound changes that I think if we had simply taken the country for granted and not seen it with Kind of clarity that a stranger coming to a foreign land has we would have missed and what struck us particularly was the sense in which the media was still covering this landscape in the United States that we felt was almost as foreign to us as Americans as Indochina had been to Americans in the 60s. The media was still covering this country in categories that were very out of date that somehow seen very much out of sync with what we were really struck by and a couple of examples of that. We started naturally with traditional concerns of people who had been involved involved in the movements of the 60s with inner-city unemployment with black America and other minorities with prisons with the environment and what we found was the following we found that the process was chronicling the urban crisis. And remember this is 1974-75. They were chronicling the crisis of the cities and yet all around us. We saw this incredible the the beginnings of this incredible boom in downtown's and cities like San Francisco Detroit and New York the World Trade Centers that were already built at the moment that the fiscal crisis of New York was was really at its worst the Renaissance Center in Detroit the 13 skyscrapers that were going up in San Francisco thanks to largely overseas Chinese investors, which somehow seemed out of sync with the category of urban crisis. We found the Press was spending a great deal of time talking about inner city unemployment and yet there was this phenomenon of a growing population of third world immigrants a new third world Workforce that was basically coming into being and I remember in 1975 going down to Tijuana, which I hadn't seen since 1968 and Tijuana already by that time was about the close to being the second largest city on the west coast of North America because of this swelling of People's Moving North to mainly to American cities, and if you were in a city like Los Angeles or San Francisco or New York just looking around you you This this was a very visible phenomenon. The Press was talking about the impact of smokestack pollution and yet in a city in many many cities you are already beginning to see the beginnings of very enormous structural changes in the labor market in San Francisco by 1975. One of the major sources of new jobs for kids in high school was culinary work and it wasn't in the it wasn't really for several years that the media began to recognize what we now know are very familiar landmarks immigration the Deep process of deindustrialization and the glittering downtown's that have been created as a result partly of the global economy and the main problems with the Press. I think at that time were first of all their tendency to look for signals as to what was going on still. Looking to the official sources of knowledge namely government and Academia and the problem was that so many of the changes that we're going on. We're outstripping the capacity of both government and Academia to really follow them the census of 1970 was the primary database for most of the media and and other observers on what was going on demographically by 1975. The 1970 census was clearly out of date. It was not until 1980 that the New York Times finally did a series recording that America had witnessed the unprecedented unprecedented influx of immigrants into this country in the 1970s and yet it was so visible by the mid-1970s and yet there was no data there really was was no knowledge source for people to go to and as long as you were trusting to the Additional sources for the signals of what was going on. You really were missing some of the important major Trends perhaps however, the most important problem. I think of the media at that time that remains was an obsession with investigative reporting that grew out of Watergate and Vietnam and here you have this preoccupation for looking for wrong-doers up at the top and what it does is basically reinforce the sense that the primary actors are still those people in the elite institutions that if you can find what it is, they're doing wrong, then you've got a major story on your hands and of course, it increases that tendency for the press to keep its lens focused vertically rather than spreading out and looking around in that chickens eye view. Indeed my sense of the perspective of the press. At that time at the mid-1970s that still I think remains to a great extent. I wanted to draw a small diagram of it and the core institutions up here and pockets of disorganized people out here and the emphasis is definitely how do we reach out and help organize these pockets and bring them into the core institutions. The emphasis is definitely looking out from the top down onto this disorganized view this these disorganized pockets of people. This was not squaring with the sense of America that we were finding and this brings me to the second point the Vantage that we were getting from. The approach that we were taking. Was that the major Trend as we were moving into the 80s was an enormous active ization of Ordinary People an enormous optimization of the social Fabrics that we were really in meshed in meshed with there was a sense of people changing the way they thought the way they were working their beliefs. I think particularly of of the ways in which people now are even questioning such things as when life begins they're taking very little on Authority any longer and they're they're often at Great risk to themselves moving from one place to another there was a sense that that these these very pockets of poverty that the emphasis of those at the core was to organize and bring into the mainstream were themselves enormously active and moving on their own and the picture that we began to put together as a result of this looked very very different it looked Like this with the pockets really forming a large Outer Circle and the arrows that were thought of as going this way going vertically down more and more. The action was people people themselves at the core. We're moving out into the outer circles and this whole realm this whole social fabric was more and more influx in doing things which cumulatively were having an enormous effect all around us and three areas in particular that we saw this the first area was really in the world of work and here if you looked at the old core institutions of the nine-to-five jobs at permanent work from the Cradle to the Grave the sense of being able to work at PG&E for the rest of your Life or whatever. In fact, all of these things were more or less going out the window or to a great extent. They were going out of the window you had more and more people involved in flux time more and more people moving from one job to another in the hope of improving their income more and more people Moonlighting doubling up and where they couldn't find a job a niche in the core basically creating their own work and we found for example the enormous boom in home-based businesses where people who couldn't find jobs in the formal economy were creating ways of working ranging from producing mayonnaise or mustard from their own recipes farmers. Who were Moonlighting in the sense of having a job in town while they also tried to continue to to farm their land there was a whole sense of this world of work, which cumulatively we now know has added up to an unrelenting upward trend of little and small businesses of an underground economy that economists now estimate is anywhere from 26 to 36 the figures vary of our gross national product a second area that we were struck by was of course the area of people migrating the incredible impact of migrations of people and what you are seeing here was not just a phenomenon in the United States, but the whole impact of migrations from the Latin word Old from the Pacific and from other parts of the world that were beginning to interface with the the this whole area of people outside the core and I'm thinking for example in San Francisco, which if you're standing in the core and looking out to San Francisco you tend to think this is the westernmost point of of the United States and in fact, San Francisco more and more is the easternmost point of the Orient. For example, some thirty five billion dollars in overseas Chinese investment from the Pacific Basin is now pouring into San Francisco real estate over a five-year period we have documented that a phenomenal amount of money not just into the city of San Francisco, but into Silicon Valley more and more moving away from Real Estate and into joint high tech Ventures. Indeed the the economy not just the economy, but also looking at the infrastructure of San Francisco where you have a civil service that is increasingly Filipino and a small business sector that is increasingly Korean Chinese and Palestinian. And if you look at San Francisco in terms of the people on the Board of Supervisors, you would never imagine that this was the case, but the day-to-day operating of the city of San Francisco reflects this growing interface from the outside onto the the the whole population of ordinary people out here in New York. Which is a city where I grew up in I looked for example at East Harlem versus Harlem and what you found in East Harlem from the late 70s on was the real the impact of many of blacks from many areas of the world from Haiti from Brazil from Jamaica and somehow what you were getting was a heterogeneity in East Harlem. That was very very different from the the sort of static poverty in Harlem itself. And the sense was that as more and more world's began to overlap as the margins of world's began to overlap. You got new opportunities. You got a sense of New Horizons and I was struck by for example, even in Los Angeles you would Out to the core institution of the Los Angeles Times, but the Los Angeles Times, which is the Chandler the headquarters of the Chandler Empire sits right smack in the middle of an incredible third world marketplace where mainly Latinos are selling goods from all over the world in outs in outdoor stalls right on the street and it's it's this incredible sense of many many worlds self-organizing out here and very very different from what's going on at the core and finally in the the looking at this whole sense of the impact of immigration what became very clear to us. Was that somehow this this this notion of people at Great risk to themselves moving from one place to another to survive or improve their options. This this sense of Road of people can't in constant motion was almost it was more and more a metaphor. Not just for people in the third world coming into the United States, but for Americans themselves and this indeed goes back to the sense of what's happening in the world of work it we found that that for example among especially in the midwest more and more people work. They were married, but they were commuting there were the whole phenomenon of commuter marriages in which you would have a person who would the the spouse who had found the job finally in Washington or some other city and would have to commute long distances are the person who had to in San Francisco. Where about a third of the police force moonlights has a different kind of job. This whole sense of people in Motion in order to survive was very striking and the sense of Migration as a metaphor or part of the human condition that we were entering was was very striking. If you looked at the institutions at the core, you got a an illusion of permanence, but in a fact if you looked at what people themselves were doing you had a sense of streams of people moving in and out of these institutions and depending less and less on the institutions for their survival and more and more on their own abilities on their own understandings of how to love how to somehow put together a way to survive the third and most dramatic area. The area that Don touched on the area of Youth and the future generation. If you looked only at the core institutions what you found in this area was the collapse of public education Dropout rates and cities like New York of half of the high school population a disappearing of the traditional career Pathways for young people to move onto suicide rates that were going to a hundred and fifty two percent within a 10 to 15 year period and a sense an overriding sense that parents were less and less able to Salt money away to pay for their kids future and future education and partly of course not just for economic reasons, but because parents it was very difficult to think what am I sending my kid to college to really learn because I don't have a sense of what the labor market in here really is going to be all of this seemed too. Add up to a sense that much of the new generation of young people. Perhaps wasn't really needed anymore. Perhaps they were really redundant And yet when you looked out here when you took your eyes away from the core you have you found an enormous amount of self-organizing by young people on their own and some very Vivid examples have come up on that. If you look at the black population that the teenagers the young black people in the late 60s early 70s, as long as they were teenagers. We recorded them in this world as say 42 percent unemployed that figure is now going up to 56% when they grew out of teenagehood and entered their 20s and 30s. They've literally disappeared none of us. It's like the people in Egypt at the Sadat funeral they basically represent an invisible part of the population. One doesn't know where are What are how they are surviving they have never many of them have never been in the formal economy. They were unemployed as teenagers. So we don't count them as unemployed now because of course they've never held jobs. The only way they tend to show up on the charts in the core is if they are killed in homicide or our show up in prison. However, you you have this incredible phenomenon by 1982 of a resurgent interest within the black community in electoral politics and we found in Chicago for example that 70% of the newly registered voters in 1982 were blocks under the age of 30. This gen this very generation of of people who were teenagers in 1979 teen 68 and 72 who are now Is SLI engaged in our finding finding a sense of hope for themselves? We also found a very interesting phenomenon of looking at when you look at the proliferation of institutions of lifelong learning that completely bypass the core Educational Systems you have in areas this incredible range of ways in which people are learning on their own. They learn everything from cybernetics on television how to train your dog just across the board a proliferation of lifelong Learning Centers, which to our mind reflects a real hunger for learning that is going on and if you look at the community colleges in cities like New York and San Francisco which to my mind Under the real institutions for remedial education in the society. The average student profile is at least in San Francisco and New York of black male in the early 30s. So there is a sense that with young people. There is a an enormous effort on their own individually as well as collectively to find a role for themselves. Even if it doesn't have any even if it doesn't involve finding a niche in one of the core institutions and I I was particularly struck by one story. We did recently looking at the growing trend of black men in their early 30s mid 30s who are now becoming House Husbands. And of course the reason is that black there the black women have an easier time finding a job and interviewing these black men in cities like Los Angeles and East st. Louis over and over again, what they would say was we need to be needed and we're going back into that into the homes. It was it was A a response to basically a message from this world that a whole generation of young people really was redundant for its purposes and they in fact themselves was yet another example like the Chicago Resurgence of interest in politics of young people organizing themselves on their own. There are several patterns about this world that I want to talk about. First of all it in a way is like a Mercator Projection of this earlier vertical view. It is a not vertical so much as horizontal. It's a flattening out of this earlier top-down view of the world and I think that that is consistent with what Don was saying about the systemic nature, which we're familiar with but I find this And useful, it's not trickle down its Ripple out. It is definitely a world in which the key to survival more and more has less to do with money less to do with capital and more and more to do with bonding between people and I want to illustrate that true moment. If you take the impact of immigrants, I talked about East Harlem and the impact of Haitians and and people from the Caribbean and Brazil and Africa on on on this American Community. We have found that some 35 to 40 percent of all new small businesses are started by immigrants and as we know small businesses and I'm not talking about $100,000,000 capitalized business. I'm really talk making distinction between small business and little business. Let's say little businesses little business is more and more are Here the new jobs are coming from and why is it that immigrants have played such a critical role in generating these new economic Enterprises. It's a very interesting question because what you find is that the key ingredient that enables a small business to compete is the ability of the people working in that small business to give their free labor and think of the Palestinian grocery store. If you will that competes with Safeway or big Supermarket, basically the willingness of the extended family to take care of the store take care of the children while the mothers in the store. The grandmother takes care of the children. You've got a social fabric Network there that provides the cushion on which that small business depends and for myself. I've come to see little businesses. As social support systems in the marketplace the small business basically relies on the willingness of people to give that free labor and it happens for a number of reasons. It can be as in the Immigrant case extended families. It can be religious communities like the Hari Krishna who now have a number of restaurants in cities all around the country. It can be simply gangs of Youth who have created their own kind of social unit. And I think of the Renegades in East Harlem who began as a street gang in late 1968 and wanted a place to live. They were dropouts from school. They became the first Sweat Equity model in East Harlem and went on to now provide they acquired in Miss human capital on their own having nothing to do with the core institutions on their own. They acquired a sense of the housing situation in East Harlem. They are now at the there now the main group in East Harlem that deals with complaints from tenants about the conditions of their housing that then entitles tenants to apply for a special program of the city which basically puts the building under the authority of the city away from the landlord and funds the repairs and after a year having made the repairs if the landlord still has not taken over responsibility for that Financial investment of the city the building the building is up can be purchased by the tenants and the Renegades to my mind are an example. In of young people self-organizing on their own but basically collectively mean it's his social bonding that a friend of mine a colleague at the new service has described in the following way in this world and this view of the world the vertical view of the world. You have a set of arrows that tend to parallel each other one going up and one going down in the horizontal view of the world that we've evolved you have an one Arrow which basically Connotes to my mind the the the bonding of people together as the key tactic for survival out here. It's the ordering principle that enables disparate people's to somehow find both basically find ways to survive on their own and it is cumulated cumulatively responsible for a this upward Trend despite the economic problems of small business that small business continues to move upward despite unprecedented collapses and bankruptcies. You have an overwhelmingly upward trend of small business. You have this proliferation of lifelong learning institutions and many many other examples that that I've alluded to now a third characteristic of this is that as Don has said it is not a question. Of two spheres mutually exclusive there is real interdependence here. And I think for example of the study that was just recently done that shows that some 32 percent of all jobs within the economy still are the result of federal spending. I think of the whole growth of the underground economy, which would have been impossible to my mind without the infusion of cash from the global economy into those downtown's it created a literally a notion of cash that did Ripple out and sloshed around neighborhoods making it possible for people to figure out ways of trapping some of those rivulets of cash in their own neighborhoods. So there is a real interdependence between these two spheres. It's not a question of either or top versus bottom but interdependence that is one last point. on this there is a sense that looking at the unemployment problems faced by black youth who finished high school? That the problems are basically racism within the society as a whole. We know however that the key. The key advantage that their white peers have is access to networks that can get them into jobs. And the problem that that black youth face is that they don't have access to those networks and yet again you find the enormous significance of networks of bonding as a way for people to survive and at least in terms of gaining access to the formal economy. What gives white youth the advantage over black youth is that access to a network that can bring them right in it has far less to do with credentials than access to networks. And I find that an important Insight that goes beneath the abstraction of racism, which really doesn't tell you in the end that much it doesn't it doesn't lead. You into any sense of where a way out is. What basically? is the This view of the world that we were putting together. We could have more or less thought perhaps we were crazy that we were paying so much attention to why for example, East Harlem is different than Harlem. What are the differences? What is it? What are the social and cultural impacts of this whole new world of immigration immigrants coming into our country. Why are we paying so much attention to this? It's not really where the breaking news is and it doesn't fit with the overriding areas of interests of the mainstream, press remember even in the academic community that when the joint economic Committee of Congress in 1978 came out with its annual report on the state of the American economy. There wasn't a single word mentioned about immigration. It was simply not in the JC report at all. And as late as 1979 the New York Times when it did its anniversary issue of the Kerner Commission painted America basically as a country that was still a country of black and white and once again much of this world many worlds overlapping through immigration was completely absent from from their picture one might have thought by the late 70s. If one was only looking at the media or government studies or Academia that we were crazy to be concentrating on these other Trends and I have to say that the one sort of Beacon of Hope at that time was the Wall Street Journal because more and more from the late 70s on the journal was relegating the political news and the raw economic data to the inside pages and what you were getting on the outside on that front page. More and more efforts to paint this kind of landscape and for me really the excitement that Don mentioned that the it desire to really become discoverers and explorers. You see really came from looking from really distancing yourself from this known core which gave you the illusion of certainty and permanence and plunging yourself into this hurly Burly World outside. This world a little business this world of immigrant communities this world of ordinary Americans in the mainstream who were involved in new religious movements who were doing Moonlighting who were having commuter marriages the sense of permanence here juxtaposed to the incredible sense of flux out here where to settle things down to make things a little more bearable people were weaving their Fabrics together on their own. Like the black house husbands. This was a world that seem to us enormously rich and it was not a sense of the people in the in this outer world who were somehow unable to think in complex terms. They were the ones who were operating with a sense of the complexity of ordinary life and it was the people at the core the people in the New York Times who were unable to think in multiple layers truly and I my sense of the real challenge for the media now and I guess that goes also for Academia and government is to really open themselves up to the new Landscapes the new realities that are going on outside often bypassing all These independent these these core majority institutions. I think for example, I cited the Resurgence of Interest among black blacks in Chicago and perhaps in other cities as well. It remains to be seen in electoral politics and yet what is so striking is that you have a electorate basically that is shrinking that is becoming more and more narrow and as the pollster in California Muirfield has said which is a very amazing thing for pollster to say voting no longer is where it's at. The he said he said just before I came here for years. It's been alright that you've had a shrinking electorate a small electric because by and large that electorate was fairly representative of the society as a whole more and more what frightens me feel said, is that that Is less and less representative of the society as a whole of all of this and I guess what I what I you know, the picture you get is that my God the people the electorate and the political Elites are basically talking to each other and you've got this incredible World out here many America's many America's interfacing with many Pacific basins with many Latin American world's many Caribbean World's Etc, which somehow have less and less to do except for some strains of interdependence have less and less to do with that political system one of the amazing interdependencies that we found in this world. And then I want to get to my third and final part is that when the immigration policy makers decided that they naturally wanted to go wanted to somehow We Define the significance of this core and we map the boundaries one of the ways they were going to do it was to mandate that any employer with three or more employees who hired knowingly illegals would be penalized you're familiar. That was that was a part of Simpson mazzoli and it's been a bill on the books in California for 10 years. It's again, it's a fantastic example of this interface or interdependence. I'm not even saying I don't want to put a moral judgment on this. I'm just saying that that all around us this world exists, but many of us have not yet seen it and I think that one of the things that that will Electrify people and make make them want to discover make them want to be explorers is the beginning of an inkling of the possibilities that arise because my feeling is that where you have many worlds Singh was with each other. You do have expanded possibilities. It is better than the then the self-contained closed system of a one single homogeneous ghetto Community such as Harlem. It is the example and I go back to it because it was a discovery for me looking at in a city. I grew up in a new very well at the difference between Harlem and East Harlem now, what are the prospects and this is my third third and final segment. What are the prospects for the media to begin? As I think the Wall Street Journal because of its fascination with markets began to do in the early 80s. One of the prospects for the media really opening themselves up to this new these new realities. I think several things have to occur really in the whole methodology of the media before this will happen. I can say very discouraging things. Although I'm an optimist very discouraging things about what's going on. Now A friend of mine who is four years the op-ed editor the opinion editorial page editor of the Damone register did a study of the major newspapers in the United States the New York Times The Washington Post and the Los Angeles Times of the editorial subject manner of those papers, and he found an average of 85 percent of that editorial substantive material was about one topic the US government and this of course can be a metaphor, you know, this could be public education. This could be unionized Workforce this This is a metaphor but let's say. Definitely the US government is certainly in this core area and 85% of the subject matter of these newspapers dealt with the US government. That's discouraging. My sense of CBS which I began to do some work with as a consultant. Is that more and more the the sort of political tone of CBS is still the old liberal agenda of the 60s it is what is government not doing for those helpless people out here more and more. It has to be what not just that I'm not saying that's not important it is but more and more it also has to be what is happening outside. What government can or cannot do that ordinary people are doing by 4 and threw themselves that might possibly create ways out maybe not ways out that can be generalized on that may be highly customized but in some places may may represent really cutting-edge Innovations. The Hope comes from a poll a number of places but one specifically a poll that I took of our subscribers about a hundred and forty Daily newspaper editors in August and I have to say most of our subscribers are in the midwest interestingly and you know, it was fascinating because the overriding echo that I got from these conversations with these editors was we want more and more coverage about the America that does not revolve around the United States government as was a very open-ended question on my part. I didn't expect to get it but I have great respect for editors in general and I think if you approach them with the sense that they they are thinkers themselves that very often you you will you know, your expectations will be fulfilled. So I found that a hopeful sign a friend of I'm at the United Nations who was a close friend of John Robinson The macroeconomist Parks a loss who tended to see the world in these terms and who died last month wrote a letter which he shared with me before she died and it was very poignant. She said that she had spent she had devoted her life to prescription. She wished she had devoted it to description and it was a very poignant statement for me because it was just before she died, but it seemed me to be another sense that within the the official knowledge sources of the media and within the media itself. There is a bit of an Awakening to the challenge of covering these new Landscapes it takes however, a willingness to respect Ordinary People as the prime. actors As if not, the only Prime actors at least major actors who cumulatively through their strategies of survival are having are creating trends like religious revivals the underground economy immigration that impact on the core and not just looking to the core for the policies and trends that impact on ordinary people. So it really at basically is going to take the media like Joan Robinson recognizing that that people out there somehow our primary actors on their own who have to be covered a second thing that I think it's going to to really take Is a respect for readers and I'm thinking of a conversation I had with an editor who is not part of this poll. I took in in August and she said to me I brought in some young people because we want to do a page of news by teenagers about teenagers for teenagers of which there is none on a regular basis in the Daily Press. We brought these young people into her and she said, you know, I want to tell you most readers go first to Ann Landers, then they go to the sports page then they go to the obituary page and they go to the cart comic comic strips and if they have any time left over they go to the business page and they don't even care about the first section. And I the kids were sort of sitting there trying to take that in and I didn't say it at the time. But of course my sense was well, what is it that you're doing wrong in the first section that you know leads people to find that they're more interested in all these other sections and you see if it's going to take on the part of people like her a respect for the intelligence of the readers that there are questions on their minds that someone in San Francisco like myself who's raising children wants to know why culinary work is the main job in the formal economy that they're likely to go into what the hell that means in terms of the morale of the teachers in my public school. What are they teaching these kids for we're told they're teaching them to prepare them for the high-tech economy, but you and I know and we all know all of us know about interest rates now, we all know a hell of a lot about economics. Never learned in school we learned about of necessity. We know that the that formal high-tech economy is not going to produce enough jobs to go around. So what are they? What's going to happen to my kid? How come there's nothing in the educational system that in any way relates to this world hurly Burly world of little business because probably that is where my kid is going to end up he is going to have to in the absence of finding a niche in their create his own work. And it's going to be in the form probably of little business. How come there's nothing in there. I have these questions the people in my Parish have these questions. Lots of us have these questions. Why isn't the examiner are the chronicle you see assuming our intelligence? All I have to do is look at the enormous increase in economic knowledge that people acquired during the recession and it wasn't coming from CBS. It was not coming from Dan Rather CBS was still covering deindustrialization. That's what you're still watching on CBS now and yet, you know, where is the news about you know, where people are making a living it's not there. So they're going to have to they are going to have to really do a Quantum Leap take the the leap of faith if you will. That people are smarter than they gave him credit for and deserve to have some of these questions answered and dealt with and when I repeated the story of what this woman editor had told these kids to a friend of mine. He quoted a great line from TS Eliot who talked to the British Broadcasting Corporation when it was getting off having some annual conference and he TS Eliot said that those who claim they give the people what they want Begin by under estimating public taste and end up by debauching it. And I thought that was a particularly good line, finally. In terms of what the media I think is really going to have to do. And this is exactly what Don Michael was saying the media is going to have to turn into a thinking entity of its of itself. It cannot remain in this kind of dependent relationship on the traditional knowledge sources. It is going to have to start thinking by four and threw itself. It's it's really going to have to mirror what's going on in the South Side World on its own and that that's that's the substance of what I wanted to say.