If we think about terrorism for a moment, we focus on the idea, of course that involves the use of violence the use of extreme violence or the threat of extreme violence. We think about it a bit more when we come down to is that terrorism is usually practiced by individuals small groups of individuals who remain hidden count on being remain hidden are usually a very small group. That is the number of terrorists in any movement is usually quite small so that we have this problem than of clandestine actors.But the other thing then about terrorism use its focus on intimidation because if One Believes the that it was indeed a Chinese proverb to say kill one and frightened 10,000 you have in that proverb then the heart of the logic of tears that is that the terrorist aims at a small audience directly but indirectly at a very large audience. Given that point in the previous one the Practical problems associated with doing something about terrorism Focus then on the notion of enforcement against a very small group of persons within a larger society. And secondly focus on then the problems of publicity and specifically May focus on the problems of denying publicity to the terrorists because in many instances what the terrorist is after is the publicity associated with his or her incident that we made Italy think then about how we're going to deal with those two problems in open societies. We see immediate problems. Enforcement against a very small group in society implies that the Agents of the state have to take actions which eventually shipped out those persons or find those persons through the means available to them which implies searches and seizures on a massive scale. Usually it implies also then Notions of of crossing and checking information and of on a vast scale, it involves sharing information across borders. It involves police networking. It involves a whole variety of actions of that sort to say nothing then of moving into direct repression against a terrorist. To deny publicity then also immediately involves Notions of how much and what should appear in the Public's mind and I'll leave you with those as it's perhaps we we we go a bit further on some of these practical kinds of problems if you will. we think about the Causes of terrorism let's allow that clearly they're going to be some incidental causes that is someone is kidnapped to hold Hostage to raise money. Someone is specifically eliminated for purposes of of Revenge or for purposes of a being a symbolic targets a police chief or or a prime minister or something like that. But if we look thin at the longer run causes of the larger causes if you wish to use that word we come down to as the two persons prior to me both pointed out the political social and economic causes of many terrorist movements as the disaffection of people then usually with the regime in which they are living or another regime which they wish to remove or change in some way. In the Spectrum, but that opens it's a very broad one because we can easily want to say that we are against all types of Tears absolutely. Do not see any calls, which is a legitimate one. But then we start thinking about that for a moment. One of the most repressive regimes that we saw have seen it in many many years. I put it to you as to how opposed you would be to a indigenous group of persons who use terroristic tactics against IDI Amin's regime. I put it to you as to how post you would be to terrorism against the Agents of the Nazi regime now, I'm obviously not advocating the sport of either of those instances, but I put those ideas in your mind because when you take that and and move it slightly you were faced with the problem then in the United Nations and other International Forum where countries and Statesmen clearly view as legitimate, what causes that are behind some of the terrorist movements or some of the movements which have Paris actors in them in the world today. You can specifically point to the use of terrorism in the Rhodesian of Zimbabwe conflict. You can clearly also point to the use of terrorism then as an attempt to bring publicity at least if not some more attention to the Middle Eastern and Palestinian problems. Let me put those thoughts in your mind. Let's move on to the notion of success. As far as the terrorist is concerned. Maybe one of the ways to think about enforcement just to think about denying success to the terrorist. In the short-term people have figured out the terrorists is probably after a couple of things and the odds are by and large in his favor her favour, but the terrorist has a better better than 50% chance of escaping injury in any particular incident in any particular incident. The terrorist has a better than 50% percent chance that his or her demands are going to be meant release of prisoners gaining of money something like that. And as far as gaining publicity is concerned the terrorist probably has about 100% chance of success if he takes his activity anywhere in what we would see it as as the nominally Free World or anywhere other than say in the most repressive regimes or perhaps behind the Iron Curtain that is in Terrorist incidents anywhere else in the world. We will ultimately and probably know about and it will hit our national news or are our international news with a big splash. So the success in the short-term then has to be focused perhaps some of those things if we think about long-term success And where the terrorist has achieved or not a cheap things we look at the successful terrorist as the one who is usually dealing with an anti-colonial kind of situation terrorism was ultimately part of successful movements to get rid of the British to get rid of the French to get rid of the Portuguese to get rid of the belgians out of their colonial territories and you can point perhaps most recently then to the to the Zimbabwe settlement in that regard. So then we can we can see that terrorism was successful or was it successful part of of of a movement? Okay, and in solving those issues we presumably have to get to the heart than of what those disaffection Czar in the longer-term whether or not we can do that. May be open to question conclude with some thoughts then on the idea of control having made those points about success. Control would imply couple of things first of all denying the opportunity and the the success against hijacking that is the successful enforcement of anti-hijacking. Means it is a good example then of denying opportunity to hijackers. This has been done and and the number of hijackings in the system today has declined dramatically since the mid-1960s as a result of of of these measures so that we have one instance than of denying opportunity, which is a sum of quite success. If we think however denying success in the short-term we come up against as I started the issue of denying publicity. And that's very hard to do in societies like our own we perhaps may be able to deny publicity your information if we can anticipate where the terrorist is likely to strike. And so for example in the 76 Olympics in Montreal publicity was control to a very very great extent concerning access to the site concerning discussions of security concerning giving the public panoramic views of the site and so on so that with advance notice you could practice some publicity denial kinds of tactics which by and large the public would not see as a censorship however once and if a terrorist strikes unexpectedly, which is almost always the case then the prospect of denying publicity becomes an entirely different and much harder matter. If we think about removing the long-term causes thin of of terrorism, we're faced with the issue of how we have to deal with then some of these larger questions political social and economic disaffection and that brings than issues a policy concerning the US government and US Government policies towards those Russia directly to the four. One has to decide if the government whether or not one is going to negotiate with those movements or one is going to is going to deal with their spokesman. For instance. The British ultimately had to decide that they had to negotiate with Mugabe and nkomo, for instance to reach a solution in Rhodesia so that there are then clear policy implications to how you were going to deal with National Liberation movements of which terrorism is parked and the government has to deal with with those particular questions.